From the 12th century, major advances in the chemical arts shifted from Arab lands to western Europe.

From the 12th century it remained a distinct state with its ruler ( ban ) and parliament, but it obeyed the kings and emperors of various neighboring powers, primarily Hungary and Austria.

From the 12th century, Dachau was a summer residence for several Bavarian princes.

From the 12th to the 17th century “ handfasting ” in England referred to a ceremony, usually about a month prior to a church wedding, at which the marrying couple formally declared that each accepted the other as spouse.

From the 7th through the 12th centuries, the area of Mecklenburg was taken over by Western Slavic peoples, most notably the Obotrites and other tribes that Frankish sources referred to as " Wends ".

From 12th to 14th century, large numbers of Germans and Flemings settled the area ( Ostsiedlung ), importing German law and improved agricultural techniques.

* Singh, Upinder, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century, Dorling Kindersley, 2008, ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.

From the 12th century Abbot Hugh of Semur ( died 1109 ), Peter Abelard ( died 1142 ), and Geoffrey of Vendome ( died 1132 ) all referred to Mary Magdalene as the sinner who merited the title apostolarum apostola, with the title becoming commonplace during the 12th and 13th centuries.

From 968 until the Protestant Reformation, Merseburg was the seat of the bishop of Merseburg, and in addition to being for a time the residence of the margraves of Meissen, it was a favorite residence of the German kings during the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries.

From the town assembly, a national assembly and the progress of commerce sprang Parliament all over Europe around the end of the 12th century but not entirely representative or homogeneous for the nobility and the clergy.

From 12th to 14th century, German colonists were called into the Wend lands and settled there in large numbers, transforming the area from a Slavic to a Germanic culture.

From the time of Charlemagne until the 12th century, the silver currency of England was made from the highest purity silver available.

From the late 12th to early 13th centuries, Apulia was a favorite residence of the Hohenstaufen emperors, notably Frederick II.

From the 18th century BC the region was a part of the Hittite Empire with possible name Arzawa, which was destroyed by invaders during the 12th century BC together with the collapse of the Empire.

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow.

From 1081 the city came loosely under the Patriarchate of Aquileia, developing into a free commune by the end of the 12th century.

From about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour, which were frequently emblazoned with the arms of the wearer.

From the 12th to the 14th century, Sofia was a thriving centre of trade and crafts.

From the 12th century onward chivalry came to be understood as a moral, religious and social code of knightly conduct.

From the 4th to the 12th century, the ancient kingdom of the Uí Fidgenti was approximately co-extensive with what is now County Limerick, with some of the easternmost part the domain of the Eóganacht Áine.

From the 12th century Blakeney had a reputation for acts of piracy: between 1328 and 1350 it is recorded that men of Blakeney boarded two vessels from Flanders and sailed them back to Blakeney haven, where they were stripped of their cargoes.

From the early 12th century, there is evidence that Pershore Abbey claimed possession of some of the relics of Saint Eadburh of Winchester, the sainted daughter of King Edward the Elder.

From the 12th century AD hundreds of settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, who very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterwards.

From the end of the 15th century we have printed ballads that suggest a rich tradition of popular music.

From the 13th to 15th centuries cannon armed Chinese ships also traveled throughout Southeast Asia.

From the 11th to 15th centuries, the sugar trade into Europe was an Arab monopoly, and its value was often compared with gold.

From his Vila do Infante in 15th Century Portuguese, Estate or Town of the Prince on the Sagres peninsula located at the south-westernmost point of Iberia and with sea access to both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, Henry sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa, sailing as far as Guinea, that were primarily exploration expeditions, later on bringing back to the nearby town of Lagos, from whence they set out, numerous African slaves and goods.

From the late 15th century, Europeans and Arabs took slaves from West, Central and Southeast Africa overseas in the African slave trade.

From the 15th century in central and northern Italy, libraries of humanists and their enlightened patrons provided a nucleus around which an " academy " of scholars congregated in each Italian city of consequence.

From the 15th century in central and northern Italy, libraries of humanists and their enlightened patrons provided a nucleus around which an " academy " of scholars congregated in each Italian city of consequence. Malatesta Novello, lord of Cesena, founded the Malatestiana Library.

From the 8th through the 15th century, black kingdoms of the western Sudan, such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, brought their political culture from the south.

From the 15th to the 19th century, European contact with Mauritania was dominated by the trade for gum arabic.

From the 15th century onward, the area was ruled by the Rind ( tribe ) which was headed by Mir Chakar Rind.

From the 15th to 17th century, these ideas that are alternatively described as Western esotericism, which had a revival from about 1770 onwards, due to a renewed desire for mystery, an interest in the Middle Ages and a romantic " reaction to the rationalist Enlightenment.

From the 8th until the 15th century, the Republic of Venice had the monopoly on spice trade with the Middle East, and along with it the neighboring Italian city-states.

From the 15th century onwards, European ships went further north, stayed longer on the Grand Banks and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and eventually began to explore the Pacific Northwest and the Western Arctic.

From the early 15th century on the Shetlanders sold their goods through the Hanseatic League of German merchantmen.

The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century, Arts Council of Great Britain, London, 1983, ISBN 0-7287-0362-9

From the 15th century Portuguese colonists began trading and a settlement was established at Luanda in the 16th century.

From the 15th to 17th centuries, classical Kurdish poets and writers developed a literary language.

From the 13th to 15th century, Baltic and Ukrainian lands were consolidated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with its initial capital unknown, but which presumably could have been either Navahrudak, Voruta, Trakai, Kernavė or Vilnius.

From the earlier part of the 15th Century, Portuguese expeditions organized by Prince Henry the Navigator had been crawling down the African coastline, principally in search for west African riches ( notably, gold ).

From 15th century manuscript of Jean Froissart's Froissart's Chronicles | Chronicles.

From the mid-14th century onwards his name appears in Serbian, Hungarian, Moldavian and Polish sources as the name of Wallachia, and from the 15th century as a name for the territory between the lower reaches of the rivers Prut and Dniester.

From the 15th century ungureni, that is Romanians from Transylvania began to populate the area north of the marketplace where they would erect an Orthodox church after 1500.

From the 15th to the 17th centuries the spellings tire and tyre were used without distinction ; but by 1700 tyre had become obsolete and tire remained as the settled spelling.

From the 15th century the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century its principal role was as a military base with a large garrison.