By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy, which in turn called for a new means, chattel slavery, to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor.

By the turn of the century, cycling clubs flourished on both sides of the Atlantic, and touring and racing became widely popular.

By the turn of the 20th century, it had grown customary to abbreviate the name violoncello to ' cello, with the apostrophe indicating the six missing prefix letters.

By the recent turn of the century, however, his paintings were selling for millions.

By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated, and Elizabeth considered marriage to two French Valois princes in turn, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, and later, from 1572 to 1581, his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon.

By the time he enters mid-puberty he in turn participates in passing his semen on to younger males.

* By the convolution theorem, Fourier transforms turn the complicated convolution operation into simple multiplication, which means that they provide an efficient way to compute convolution-based operations such as polynomial multiplication and multiplying large numbers.

By the turn of the 19th century they became new powers, having divided Poland between them, with Sweden and Turkey having experienced substantial territorial losses to Russia and Austria respectively as well as pauperisation.

By 1813 the tide had begun to turn from Napoleon.

By this time the manager is there, and expresses a strong desire to turn back-right at the moment that the Inner Station comes into view.

By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed, although aspects of the individualist anarchist tradition were later revived with modifications by Murray Rothbard and his anarcho-capitalism in the mid-20th century, as a current of the broader libertarian movement.

By the turn of the twentieth century it had begun to be displaced by the shorter and purely Arabic term Islam and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed The Encyclopaedia of Islam, seems to have virtually disappeared from the English language.

By 1938, they had all become wealthy men, but their wealth was dependent on Hitler ’ s continuing goodwill and willingness to turn a blind eye to their corruption.

By the turn of the 19th century, the company had become the largest of the ‘’ hongs ’’ or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan.

By the turn of the decade, the hinged mitt became standard catchers ' equipment.

By the turn of 1992 they were top of the Second Division, and then suffered a dip in form before recovering to qualify for the playoffs, during which Dalglish led Blackburn into the new Premier League by beating Leicester City 1 – 0 in the Second Division Play-off final at Wembley.

By the turn from the 10th to the 11th century, the smaller burghs in the Parseta area were given up.

By the turn of the 19th century, the English word " anarchism " had lost its initial negative connotation.

By eliminating ρ and J, using Maxwell's equations, and manipulating using the theorems of vector calculus, this form of the equation can be used to derive the Maxwell stress tensor σ, in turn this can be combined with the Poynting vector S to obtain the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor T used in general relativity.

North Korean forces were soon defeated by September and driven northwards by United Nations forces led by the U. S. By October, the U. N. forces had retaken Seoul and captured Pyongyang, and it became Kim's turn to flee.

By the turn of the century physicists had also discovered three types of radiation emanating from atoms, which they named alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.

By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records, which in turn was sold to MCA ( now Universal Music Group ) in 1979.

By the turn of the century, pop punk had been adopted by the mainstream, as bands such as Green Day and The Offspring brought the genre widespread popularity.

By the turn of the decade, the punk rock movement had split deeply along cultural and musical lines, leaving a variety of derivative scenes and forms.

By the early 21st century, weakness in the Faroese economy had been eliminated and, accordingly, many minds turned once again to the possibility of independence from Denmark.

By 15: 00, the 3rd Reconnaissance Regiment and part of 21st Panzer Division from the north and 33rd Reconnaissance Regiment and the Baade Group comprising elements from 15th Panzer Division from the south were in place under Lieutenamnt-General ( General der Panzertruppe ) Walther Nehring.

By the 21st century, the Netherlands had become a modern, dynamic country with a successful, internationally oriented economy ( the 16th largest in the world in 2010 ) and a high standard of living.

By 1901, the San Joaquin Basin was the main oil-producing region of California, and it remains so in the 21st century, with huge oil fields including the Midway-Sunset, Kern River, and Belridge fields producing much of California's onshore oil.

By the 21st century, there would be about as many people who were Scotch Canadians and Scottish Americans as the 5 million remaining in Scotland.

By the 21st century, an estimated 80 million people worldwide claim some Irish descent ; among them are 41 million Americans who claim " Irish " as their primary ethnicity.

By 1934, a board game called Monopoly had been created which formed the basis of the game sold by Parker Brothers and its parent companies through the rest of the 20th century, and into the 21st.

By the mid-first decade of the 21st century virtually all mainstream automakers in Europe had a compact MPV in their range.

By November 1990, only four months later, the 5th Battalion had deployed and in early 1991 the 21st Guards Battalion had also been formed, four staff courses had been run, support weapons and logistics training was well advanced ( indeed a logistics battalion deployed as early as July 1990 ) and an operational test exercise had been conducted.

By the turn of the 21st century, the turntable had become a niche product, as the price of CD players, which reproduce music free from pops and scratches, fell far lower than high fidelity tape players or turntables.

By the 21st century, vertebrate paleontologists were beginning to adopt phylogenetic taxonomy, in which all groups are defined in such a way as to be monophyletic ; that is, groups include all descendants of a particular ancestor.

By the beginning of the 21st century, the majority of low end and mobile systems relied on RISC architectures.

By the second half of the 21st century, in the time the game is set, these events are accepted as commonplace.

By contrast in 21st century Britain, nearly half of all children are born outside marriage, and nine in ten newlyweds have been cohabitating.

By the 21st century it will be the oldest tertiary institution in Australia.

By the start of the 21st century, a modified " short-cut " version was being served by fast-food chains in servings up to.

By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the government blamed crashing fish populations on overfishing, especially off the Northern California and Oregon coast, which lie directly adjacent to the migration paths of Sacramento River salmon.

By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles.

By the early 21st century it will be the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain.

By the beginning of the 21st century, systematic Yankee ways had permeated the entire society through education.

By the turn of the 21st century, the climate of scholarly opinion shifted somewhat on this belief: some contemporary researchers argue that publishing plays was a risky and marginal business — though this conclusion has been disputed by others.

By the early 21st century computer-generated imagery, advanced film scanning, digital intermediate methods and film stocks with higher resolutions optimized for special effects work had together rendered VistaVision mostly obsolete even for special effects work.

By the 21st century, neither DFS nor AFS had achieved any major commercial success as compared to CIFS or NFS.

By the early 21st century, due to further modification and dredging, the harbour is capable of harbouring vessels of over 170, 000 deadweight.