Of the many schools founded at this time and during the subsequent Warring States Period, the four most influential ones were Confucianism, Daoism ( often spelled " Taoism "), Mohism and Legalism.

In English, the words Daoism and Taoism ( or ) are the subject of an ongoing controversy over the preferred romanization for naming this native Chinese philosophy and Chinese religion.

The sometimes heated arguments over Taoism vs. Daoism involve sinology, phonemes, loanwords, and politics.

In loanword terminology, English Taoism / Daoism is a " calque ", " loan-rendering ", or " hybrid " that blends a borrowed word with a native element, for example, chopstick ) blends Chinese Pidgin English chop (< Cantonese kàp, pinyin kuài 快 " fast ; quick ") with English stick.

Taoism / Daoism is one of a few Chinese-ism borrowings, along with Confucianism, Mohism, and Maoism.

), the first recorded occurrences of the relevant words were Tao 1736, Tau 1747, Taouism and Taouist 1838, Taoistic 1856, Tao-ism 1858, Taoism 1903 wrong, at least antedated by Balfour ( 1881 ), Daoism 1948, Dao and Daoist 1971.

The English word Taoism is unquestionably older and more familiar than Daoism.

While sinologists increasingly prefer the term Daoism, traditionalists continue using the well-known Taoism.

Some scholars consciously adopt " Daoism " in order to distinguish the Chinese philosophy and religion from what " Taoism " embodied in the 19th-and 20th-century Western imaginations.

English dictionaries provide some insights into the Daoism – Taoism problem.

For over a century, British and American lexicographers glossed the pronunciation of Taoism as, but more recently they changed it to, and added Daoism entries.

The respective first accurate glosses for Taoism were " douizm ; tou -" ( Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed., 1934 ) and " Also Daoism and with pronunc.

As detailed above, proponents for both sides of the Daoism – Taoism debate make valid arguments.

Some prefer the Wade-based Taoism because it is more familiar than Daoism and because the borrowing is a fully assimilated English word anyway ; such words are generally unaffected by later systems of romanization.

In conclusion, three illustrative outcomes of Daoism vs. Taoism are given from publishing, library, and Wikipedia spheres.

* Daoism or Taoism ?, James Miller, Queen's University

Taoism ( modernly: Daoism ) is a philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao ( modernly romanized as " Dao ").

English-speakers continue to debate the preferred romanization of the words " Daoism " and " Taoism ".

In linguistic terminology, English Taoism / Daoism is formed from the Chinese loanword tao / dao " way ; route ; principle " and the native suffix-ism.

The debate over Taoism vs. Daoism involve sinology, phonemes, loanwords, and politics – not to mention whether Taoism should be pronounced or.

Daoism is pronounced, but English speakers disagree whether Taoism should be or.

In theory, both Wade-Giles tao and Pinyin dao are articulated identically, as are Taoism and Daoism.

* Daoism – Taoism romanization issue

Although it serves as a rival to Confucianism, a school of active morality, this rivalry is compromised and given perspective by the idiom " practise Confucianism on the outside, Taoism on the inside.

The opposition and combination of the universe's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism, both as a philosophy and as a religion.

Philosophical Taoism also proposes a transcendent operant principle — transliterated in English as tao or dao, meaning ' the way ' — which is neither an entity or a being per se, but reflects the natural ongoing process of the world.

In religious Taoism, Lao Tsu is venerated as a saint with his own powers.

The provenance of the pronunciation with of Taoism is a gap in the English phonemic paradigm for the unvoiced unaspirated in dào ' way '.

An inherent problem with the arcane Wade – Giles use of apostrophes to differentiate aspiration is that many English readers do not understand it, which has resulted in the frequent mispronunciation of Taoism as instead of.

The text is fundamental to both philosophical and religious Taoism ( Daojia,, Pinyin: Dàojiā ; Daojiao,, Pinyin: Dàojiào ) and strongly influenced other schools, such as Legalism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism, which when first introduced into China was largely interpreted through the use of Daoist words and concepts.

Philosophical vacuity is a common theme among Asian wisdom traditions including Taoism ( especially Wu wei " effortless action "), Buddhism, and some aspects of Confucianism.

The relation between Taoism and Buddhism and Chan Buddhism is complex and fertile.

Similarly, the relationship between Taoism and Confucianism is richly interwoven, historically.

Often referred to as Gaianism, or the Gaian Religion, this spiritual aspect of the philosophy is very broad and inclusive, making it adaptable to other religions: Taoism, Neo-Paganism, Pantheism, Judeo-Christian Religions, and many others.

" It is not a personal god, but rather an impersonal divinity similar to the Tao of Taoism.

While the general concept of a " Spirit " that permeates the cosmos is a general feature of most religions ( e. g. Brahman in Hinduism and Tao in Taoism and Great Spirit among Indigenous peoples of the Americas ), the term Holy Spirit specifically refers to the beliefs held in the Abrahamic religions.

The story is likely to have its origin in Taoism.

In Taoism, the Seven-Star Lamp qi xing deng 七星燈 is a seven-branched oil lamp lit to represent the 7 stars of the Northern Dipper.

The early Taoism of Lao Zi and Zhuangzi is also sometimes considered pantheistic.

In the tradition of its leading thinkers Lao Tzu and Zhuangzi, Taoism is comparable with Pantheism, as The Tao is always spoken of with profound religious reverence and respect, similar to the way that Pantheism discusses the " divinity " of the Universe.

* Taoism, a philosophy which emphasizes the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos ; health and longevity ; and wu wei ( action through inaction ).

At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about Laozi, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha.

The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded, partly in response to the changing political world.

At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about Laozi, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha.

He focused on the issues of Chinese urban development, Chinese patrimonialism and officialdom and Chinese religion and philosophy ( primarily, Confucianism and Taoism ), as the areas in which Chinese development differed most distinctively from the European route.

These included Mohism ( a utilitarian philosophy ), Taoism, Legalism ( a school of thought based on the supremacy of the state ), and Confucianism.

Within the context of traditional Chinese philosophy and religion, Tao is a metaphysical concept originating with Laozi that gave rise to a religion ( Wade – Giles, Tao Chiao ; Pinyin, Daojiao ) and philosophy ( Wade – Giles, Tao chia ; Pinyin, Daojia ) referred to in English with the single term Taoism.

An introduction to the philosophy and religion of Taoism: pathways to immortality ( Sussex Academic Press, 2005 ).

At the same time, an intellectual paradigm shift from Taoism to Confucianism among the intelligentsia moved the focus of academic inquiry from natural science and mathematics, which were conceived of under Taoism as investigations into the mystical nature of the universe, to studies of social philosophy and morality under Confucianism.

The emphasis laid upon landscape painting in the Song period was grounded in Chinese philosophy ; Taoism stressed that humans were but tiny specks amongst vast and greater cosmos, while Neo-Confucianist writers often pursued the discovery of patterns and principles that they believed caused all social and natural phenomena.

Despite the Imje influence, which was generally considered to be anti-scholarly in nature, Gyeonghan and Naong, under the influence of Jinul and the traditional tong bulgyo tendency, showed an unusual interest in scriptural study, as well as a strong understanding of Confucianism and Taoism, due to the increasing influence of Chinese philosophy as the foundation of official education.

Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy using metaphysical ideas, some borrowed from Taoism, as its framework.

He passed special exams with top honors with a winning thesis titled Cheondochaek ( hangul: 천도책, hanja: 天道策, " Book on the Way of Heaven "), which was widely regarded as a literary masterpiece, displaying his knowledge of history and the Confucian philosophy of politics, and also reflecting his profound knowledge of Taoism.

It is sometimes considered a brand of Taoism, a Folk Taoism, since over the centuries institutional Taoism has been attempting to assimilate or administrate local religions ; actually and more accurately Taoism can be defined as a branch of Shenism, since it sprang out of folk religion and Chinese philosophy.