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The Euler – Maclaurin formula provides expressions for the difference between the sum and the integral in terms of the higher derivatives ƒ < sup >( k )</ sup > at the end points of the interval m and n. Explicitly, for any natural number p, we have
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Euler and –
Thābit's formula was rediscovered by Fermat ( 1601 – 1665 ) and Descartes ( 1596 – 1650 ), to whom it is sometimes ascribed, and extended by Euler ( 1707 – 1783 ).
The Bernoulli numbers appear in the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, in formulas for the sum of powers of the first positive integers, in the Euler – Maclaurin formula, and in expressions for certain values of the Riemann zeta function.
He also studied and proved some theorems on perfect powers, such as the Goldbach – Euler theorem, and made several notable contributions to analysis.
The reason why Euler and some other authors relate the Cauchy – Riemann equations with analyticity is that a major theorem in complex analysis says that holomorphic functions are analytic and viceversa.
In mathematics, the Euler – Maclaurin formula provides a powerful connection between integrals ( see calculus ) and sums.
Euler computed this sum to 20 decimal places with only a few terms of the Euler – Maclaurin formula in 1735.
Clenshaw – Curtis quadrature is essentially a change of variables to cast an arbitrary integral in terms of integrals of periodic functions where the Euler – Maclaurin approach is very accurate ( in that particular case the Euler – Maclaurin formula takes the form of a discrete cosine transform ).
In the context of computing asymptotic expansions of sums and series, usually the most useful form of the Euler – Maclaurin formula is
Euler and Maclaurin
The formula was discovered independently by Leonhard Euler and Colin Maclaurin around 1735 ( and later generalized as Darboux's formula ).
Euler needed it to compute slowly converging infinite series while Maclaurin used it to calculate integrals.
In this way we get a proof of the Euler – Maclaurin summation formula by mathematical induction, in which the induction step relies on integration by parts and on the identities for periodic Bernoulli functions.
* June 8 – Leonhard Euler writes to James Stirling describing the Euler – Maclaurin formula, providing a connection between integrals and calculus.
This was followed by a memoir on the theory of the tides, to which, conjointly with the memoirs by Euler and Colin Maclaurin, a prize was awarded by the French Academy: these three memoirs contain all that was done on this subject between the publication of Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica and the investigations of Pierre-Simon Laplace.
where B < sub > k </ sub > is a Bernoulli number and R < sub > m, n </ sub > is the remainder term in the Euler – Maclaurin formula.
* June 8-Leonhard Euler writes to James Stirling describing the Euler – Maclaurin formula, providing a connection between integrals and calculus.
where ƒ is a smooth function, you could use the Euler – Maclaurin formula to convert the series into an integral, plus some corrections involving derivatives of S ( x ), then for large values of a you could use " stationary phase " method to calculate the integral and give an approximate evaluation of the sum.
Euler and formula
Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the deep relationship between the trigonometric functions and the complex exponential function.
It was Euler ( presumably around 1740 ) who turned his attention to the exponential function instead of logarithms, and obtained the correct formula now named after him.
The Euler – MacLaurin formula can be understood as a curious application of some ideas from Banach spaces and functional analysis.
This way one can obtain expressions for ƒ ( n ), n = 0, 1, 2, ..., N, and adding them up gives the Euler – MacLaurin formula.
The Euler – MacLaurin summation formula can thus be seen to be an outcome of the representation of functions on the unit interval by the direct product of the Bernoulli polynomials and their duals.
For closed ( orientable or non-orientable ) surfaces with positive genus, the maximum number p of colors needed depends on the surface's Euler characteristic χ according to the formula
The only exception to the formula is the Klein bottle, which has Euler characteristic 0 ( hence the formula gives p = 7 ) and requires 6 colors, as shown by P. Franklin in 1934 ( Weisstein ).
Euler and provides
The Gauss-Bonnet theorem links the total curvature of a surface to its Euler characteristic and provides an important link between local geometric properties and global topological properties.
Hierholzer's 1873 paper provides a different method for finding Euler cycles that is more efficient than Fleury's algorithm:
Euler – Bernoulli beam theory ( also known as engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory ) is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams.
Named after Leonhard Euler, it is a prototypical example of a q-series, a modular form, and provides the prototypical example of a relation between combinatorics and complex analysis.
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