By considering the propagation of the negative energy modes of the electron field backward in time, Ernst Stueckelberg reached a pictorial understanding of the fact that the particle and antiparticle have equal mass m and spin J but opposite charges q.

The word " electron " was coined in 1891 by the Irish physicist George Stoney whilst analyzing elementary charges for the first time.

: An electron moving through a conductor will attract nearby positive charges in the lattice.

These capacitors are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface ; the CCD is then used to read out these charges.

In such models it is found that each electron in helium partly screens the nucleus from the other, so that the effective nuclear charge Z which each electron sees, is about 1. 69 units, not the 2 charges of a classic " bare " helium nucleus.

Materials that lack electron conduction are insulators if they lack other mobile charges as well.

An electron moving through a conductor will attract nearby positive charges in the lattice.

Using quantum theory Dirac showed that if magnetic monopoles exist, then one could explain the quantization of electric charge --- that is, why the observed elementary particles carry charges that are multiples of the charge of the electron.

Applying the inverse-square law between the charges on the electron and nucleus, one can write:

The process of transferring the electron from nitrogen to oxygen creates formal charges, so the electronic structure may also be depicted as

The elementary charge, the charge of a proton ( equivalently, the negative of the charge of an electron ), is approximately .< ref name = CODATA > The inverse value ( the number of elementary charges in 1C ) is given by 1 / = 6. 24150965 ( 16 )× 10 < sup > 18 </ sup >.</ ref > In SI, the elementary charge in coulombs is an approximate value: no experiment can be infinitely accurate.

Without the ions from the electrolyte, the charges around the electrode would slow down continued electron flow ; diffusion of H < sup >+</ sup > and OH < sup >−</ sup > through water to the other electrode takes longer than movement of the much more prevalent salt ions.

This additional ionization is referred to as non-sequential ionization for two reasons: One, there is no order to how the second electron is removed, and, two, an atom or molecule with a + 2 charge can be created straight from an atom or molecule with a neutral charge, so the integer charges are not sequential.

The adsorption process can be viewed as the interaction between this hydrogen atom and its image charges of both the nucleus and electron in the conductor.

Mulliken population analysis is based on electron densities in molecules and is a way of dividing the density between atoms to give an estimate of atomic charges.

Einstein believed that there might be an asymmetry between the charges of the electron and proton so that the Earth's magnetic field would be produced by the entire Earth.

Examples of applications for surface field emission include construction of bright electron sources for high-resolution electron microscopes or to discharge spacecraft from induced charges.

* Class III charges are based on a partitioning of a physical observable derived from the wave function, such as electron density.

* In semiconductors ( the material used to make electronic components like transistors and integrated circuits ), in addition to electrons, the travelling vacancies in the valence-band electron population ( called " holes "), act as mobile positive charges and are treated as charge carriers.

Modern electrets are usually made by embedding excess charges into a highly insulating dielectric, e. g. by means of an electron beam, a corona discharge, injection from an electron, electric breakdown across a gap or a dielectric barrier, etc.

* Quarks, first posited in the 1960s, have quantized charge, but the charge is quantized into multiples of e. However, quarks cannot be seen as isolated particles ; they exist only in groupings, and stable groupings of quarks ( such as a proton, which consists of three quarks ) all have charges that are integer multiples of e. For this reason, either 1 e or e can be justifiably considered to be " the quantum of charge ", depending on the context.

Positive charges may also be mobile, such as the cationic electrolyte ( s ) of a battery, or the mobile protons of the proton conductor of a fuel cell.

Once the muonic molecular ion state is formed, the shielding by the muon of the positive charges of the proton of the triton and the proton of the deuteron from each other allows the triton and the deuteron to move close enough together to fuse with alacrity.

For example, four very important open questions are the proton spin puzzle, the EMC effect, the distributions of electric charges of the nucleons found by Hofstadter in 1956, and the ad hoc CKM matrix elements.

The two main charges levelled against the Bourbons by liberals is that they are racists and social reactionaries.

If the dance teachers of America make it their business to prepare their young charges for the gymnastics that must come some day if our schools are really responsible, we will be that much ahead.

Since charges are relatively the same, reserving a car before you leave for Europe will assure you of having one on tap when you want it.

The industry is so structured that price-setting by a multi-product company will vary with the way overhead charges are allocated -- whether marginal or average pricing is applied.

Protons and electrons bear opposite electrical charges which make them attract each other, and when they are joined they make up an atom of hydrogen -- the basic building block of matter.

Particle-antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other, producing photons ; since the charges of the particle and antiparticle are opposite, total charge is conserved.

* 1819 – Peterloo Massacre: Seventeen people die and over 600 are injured in cavalry charges at a public meeting at St. Peter's Field, Manchester, England, United Kingdom.

Supporters of this view believe that the Roman Empire does not threaten the spread of the gospel of Jesus Christ because Luke “ simply recognizes its existence as a political reality, but he is clear that God is greater .” Throughout Acts, believers like Paul are being charged with spiritual crimes concerning “ teaching against Israel, the law, and the temple ” ( Acts 21: 21, 28 ; 23: 29 ; 24: 5 ; 25: 8, 19 ; 28: 17 ) or being a civil disturbance ( Acts 16: 20, 21: 38, 25: 8 ) rather than political charges.

Another topic concerns how soldiers ' lives are put at risk by their commanding officers who seem unaware of the trauma of their charges.

In addition, proponents of inquisitorial systems argue that the plea bargain system causes the participants within the system to act in perverse ways, in that it encourages prosecutors to bring charges far in excess of what is warranted and defendants to plead guilty even when they believe that they are not.

According to this theory, the crucial things being exchanged are charges.

Two former presidents from the party, Miguel Ángel Rodríguez and Rafael Ángel Calderón, were arrested on corruption charges and are currently waiting for the investigation to end and trial to begin.

Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other.

Here the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positive charges of both nuclei, instead of just their own.

In certain electrolyte mixtures, brightly-coloured ions are the moving electric charges.

In metals, which make up the wires and other conductors in most electrical circuits, the positive charges are immobile, and the charge carriers are electrons.

In a semiconductor diode, the cathode is the N – doped layer of the PN junction with a high density of free electrons as a result of doping, and an equal density of fixed positive charges, which are the dopants that have been thermally ionized.

These layers of fixed positive and negative charges, collectively known as the depletion layer because they are depleted of free electrons and holes.

Strong colors indicate highest and lowest potential ( where the opposing charges of the dipole are located ).

But he who brings charges against me for relating the objections that the Hebrews are wont to raise against the Story of Susanna, the Song of the Three Children, and the story of Bel and the Dragon, which are not found in the Hebrew volume, proves that he is just a foolish sycophant.