According to the American Bar Association, a lawyer that is a certified specialist has been recognized by an independent professional certifying organization as having an enhanced level of skill and expertise, as well as substantial involvement in an established legal specialty.

According to David, the Romano-Germanic legal systems included those countries where legal science was formulated according to Roman Law, whereas common law countries are those where law was created from the judges.

According to Dutch legal experts Crombag, Wagenaar, van Koppen, the Dutch system contravenes the provisions of the European Human Rights convention, in the imbalance between the power of the prosecution service and the defence.

According to the WHO, some practices regarded as legal in countries that have outlawed FGM do fall under the category of Type IV ( see below ), but the organization decided to maintain a broad definition to avoid loopholes that could allow FGM to continue.

According to a statement in July 2009 by a legal counsel of the Honduras military, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza, the Honduran military was opposed to President Manuel Zelaya, whom the military had removed from Honduras a few days earlier, because of his left-wing politics.

According to him, law is not entirely based on social facts, but includes the morally best justification for the institutional facts and practices that we intuitively regard as legal.

According to George Macaulay Trevelyan in A Shortened History of England, during the Viking occupation: “ The Scandinavians, when not on the Viking warpath, were a litigious people and loved to get together in the ‘ thing ’ to hear legal argument.

According to contemporary royalist legal theory, the Long Parliament was regarded as having been automatically dissolved from the moment of Charles I's execution on 30 January 1649.

According to the Council of the League of Nations, meeting of August 1920: " draft mandates adopted by the Allied and Associated Powers would not be definitive until they had been considered and approved by the League ... the legal title held by the mandatory Power must be a double one: one conferred by the Principal Powers and the other conferred by the League of Nations ,"

According to Harper, the motion was of a symbolic political nature, representing no constitutional change, no recognition of Quebec sovereignty, and no legal change in its political relations within the federation.

According to his friend, the theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk.

" According to him, until the 1760s, a " man's house was even less of a legal castle in America than in England " as the authorities possessed almost unlimited power and little oversight.

According to one legal style manual, a sample citation would be " Privacy Act of 1974, ( 2006 )", read aloud as " Title five, United States Code, section five fifty-two A " or simply " five USC five fifty-two A.

According to law and jurisprudence, legal cause must be demonstrated to hold a defendant liable for a crime or a tort ( i. e. a civil wrong such as negligence or trespass ).

According to statistics available from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, of nearly 31, 000 firearm-related deaths in 2005, suicides account for 55 percent of deaths in the United States whereas homicides account for 40 percent of deaths, accidents account for three percent, and the remaining two percent were legal killings.

According to the famous Islamic legal scholar Ibn Qayyim ( 1292 – 1350 ), non-Muslims had the right to engage in such religious practices even if it offended Muslims, under the conditions that such cases not be presented to Islamic Sharia courts and that these religious minorities believed that the practice in question is permissible according to their religion.

According to Dr. Kimani Nehusi, the presence of European slavers affected the way in which the legal code in African societies responded to offenders.

According to an historical narrative on the event titled " Chief Left Hand ", by Margaret Coel, contributing factors that led to the massacre were: Governor Evans ' desire to hold title to the resource rich Denver-Boulder area ; government trust officials ' avoidance of Chief Left Hand ( a linguistically gifted Southern Arapaho chief ), when executing a legal treaty that transferred title of the area away from Indian Trust ; a local cavalry stretched thin by the demands of the Civil War ; the hijacking of their supplies by a few stray Indian warriors who had lost respect for their chiefs and followers of Chief Left Hand ( including a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho elders, a few well behaved warriors, and mostly women and children ), who had received a message to report to Fort Lyon with the promise of safety and food at the Fort, or risk being considered " hostile " and ordered killed by the cavalry.

According to a report by the United Nations ' Food and Agriculture Organisation, land degradation has been exacerbated where there has been an absence of any land use planning, or of its orderly execution, or the existence of financial or legal incentives that have led to the wrong land use decisions, or one-sided central planning leading to over-utilization of the land resources-for instance for immediate production at all costs.

According to the legal practice of classical Athens, Creon is obliged to marry his closest relative ( Haemon ) to the late king's daughter in an inverted marriage rite, which would oblige Haemon to produce a son and heir for his dead father in law.

According to both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China, this agreement was given legal force by the Instrument of Surrender of Japan in 1945.

According to Shammai Feldman, Zelophehad and his daughters are a fiction created simply to illustrate some of the legal rules of inheritance ; Jewish textual scholars regard the accounts concerning Zelophehad's daughters as accretions added to the earlier priestly source narrative by writers from the same pro-Aaronid religio-political group.

According to present doctrine, that of " treaty monism ", treaties are in the Dutch legal system in principle self-executing ; no special transformation is needed by implementing special law, as in countries with a " dualistic " system ( such as the United Kingdom ).

According to copyright law in the United States and certain other copyright jurisdictions, if a work is " made for hire ", the employer — not the employee — is considered the legal author.

According to Wikileaks CableGate documents ( reference ID " 09LONDON1156 "), in a calculated move planned in 2009, the UK proposed that the BIOT become a " marine reserve " with the aim of preventing the former inhabitants from returning to their lands.

According to documents found in the possession of a descendant of the Manfredi family, Nadia Manfredi, in 2007, Puccini was actually having an affair with Giulia Manfredi, Doria's cousin.

According to the article cited, the still classified NSA report is incorrect based on the CIA documents that were declassified which show that Powers ' account of being shot down at altitude was accurate.

According to the very few written documents that have survived, the church in Finland was still in its early development in the 12th century.

According to genealogist Edward MacLysaght the surname Lundy is from Norman de la Lounde, a name recorded in medieval documents in counties Tipperary and Kilkenny in Ireland.

According to 1977 cabinet documents, the Fraser government adopted a formal policy for " a humanitarian commitment to admit refugees for resettlement ".

According to the IPS, the Clinton administration de-classified more than 16, 000 documents related to Chile, but withheld documents related to the Letelier-Moffitt assassination in Washington on the grounds that they were associated with an ongoing investigation.

According to Phayer, " the face of Pope Pius that we see in these documents is not the same face we see in the eleven volumes the Vatican published of World War II documents, a collection which, though valuable, is nonetheless critically flawed because of its many omissions ".

According to Puntland government documents, the Somaliland region's Riyale government in 2006 both financed and offered military assistance to Atom's men as part of a campaign to destabilize the autonomous territory via proxy agents and to distract attention away from the Somaliland government's own attempts at occupying the disputed Sool province.

* September – According to the film JFK, previously classified documents relating to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy will be released to the public.

According to a socio-political study of liberation theology in Latin America, twenty-five per cent of the final Puebla documents were written by theologians who were not invited to the conference.

According to the chroniclers, the dying Henry IV made two documents.

According to DoD documents, “ The MIL-STD-188 series may be based on, or make reference to, Joint Technical Architecture, American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) standards, International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector ( ITU-T ) recommendations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Standardization Agreements ( STANAG ), and other standards wherever applicable .”

According to UN documents, in relation to the adoption and enforcement of the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, the CSUCS plays " a key role in ensuring implementation at every level.

According to the sworn testimony of his companions, he was promptly disappointed with her appearance, although there are many documents from the time which describe how Henry and some of his courtiers sneaked into the room where Anne was watching bull-fighting, wearing masks and cloaks, when Henry boldly kissed her.

According to a few extant documents the Melek-Chesme river ( small and shallow nowadays ) was navigable in the Bosporan times, and sea galleys were able to enter the river.

According to SS documents, 33, 462 died in Buchenwald.

According to 17th century documents, a young Spanish man's leg was miraculously restored to him in 1640 after having been amputated two and a half years earlier.

According to records from Japanese documents, Mao Changxi ( 毛昶熙 ) and Dong Xun ( 董恂 ), the Qing ministers at Zongli Yamen ( 總理衙門 ) who handled the complaints from Japanese envoy Yanagihara Sakimitsu ( 柳原前光 ) replied first that they had heard only of a massacre of Ryūkyūans, not of Japanese, and quickly noted that Ryūkyū was under Chinese suzerainty, therefore this issue was not Japan's business.

According to the latest Citizenship Law adopted in 2010, anybody, possessing certain evidences ( certificates, documents ) of his or her Hungarian roots from around the World can apply for Hungarian Citizenship.

According to these documents, the main enemies of Italy were the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) and the trade unions.

According to tradition, he was the first pope to use lead seals ( bullae ) on papal documents, which in time came to be called " papal bulls ".

According to documents and interviews with federal officials, investigators and targets of the sanctions, the U. S. government: