In the federal courts, the parties ' names always stay in the same order as the lower court when an appeal is taken to the circuit courts of appeals, and are re-ordered only if the appeal reaches the Supreme Court.

The key distinguishing factor between direct and collateral appeals is that the former occurs in state courts, and the latter in federal courts.

In Cadillac Motor Car Co. v. Johnson, ( decided in 1915 by the federal appeals court for New York and several neighboring states ), the court held that a car owner could not recover for injuries from a defective wheel, when the automobile owner had a contract only with the automobile dealer and not with the manufacturer, even though there was " no question that the wheel was made of dead and ‘ dozy ‘ wood, quite insufficient for its purposes.

The United States federal courts are divided into twelve regional circuits, each with a circuit court of appeals ( plus a thirteenth, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which hears appeals in patent cases and cases against the federal government, without geographic limitation ).

Most of the U. S. federal courts of appeal have adopted a rule under which, in the event of any conflict in decisions of panels ( most of the courts of appeal almost always sit in panels of three ), the earlier panel decision is controlling, and a panel decision may only be overruled by the court of appeals sitting en banc ( that is, all active judges of the court ) or by a higher court.

2002 ), a U. S. court of appeals held that H. Beatty Chadwick could be held indefinitely under federal law, for his failure to produce US $ 2. 5 mill.

A July 6, 2011 ruling from a federal appeals court barred further enforcement of the U. S. military's ban on openly gay service members.

These claims were rejected by the Ohio Supreme Court, but the federal claims were upheld by the local federal district court and by the Sixth Circuit appeals court.

Similarly, section 7482 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that the U. S. Supreme Court and the federal courts of appeals may impose penalties where the taxpayer's appeal of a U. S. Tax Court decision was " maintained primarily for delay " or where " the taxpayer's position in the appeal is frivolous or groundless.

With the exception of a single gray whale killed in 1999, the Makah people have been prevented from hunting by a series of legal challenges, culminating in a United States federal appeals court decision in December 2002 that required the National Marine Fisheries Service to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement.

' Another was freed by a federal appeals court after 12 years in prison.

For example, in United States federal courts, the United States district courts have original jurisdiction over a number of different matters ( as mentioned above ), and the United States court of appeals have appellate jurisdiction over matters appealed from the district courts.

In 2009 a federal court of appeals in San Francisco found that Ashcroft could be sued and held personally responsible for the wrongful detention of material witness Abdullah al-Kidd – an American citizen arrested in March 2003 and held for 13 months in maximum security to be used as a witness in the trial of Sami Omar Al-Hussayen ( who himself was acquitted of all charges of supporting terrorism ).

The federal courts rejected their argument on grounds of procedural default, which provides that issues cannot be raised in federal court appeals unless they have first been raised in state courts.

A little-known responsibility of the NTSB is that it serves as a court of appeals for airmen, aircraft mechanics, certificated aviation-related companies and mariners who have their licenses suspended or revoked by the federal government.

He fought for provincial rights, weakening the power of the federal government in provincial matters, usually through well-argued appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

In state and federal courts in the United States of America, jurisdiction is often divided geographically among local trial courts, several of which fall under the territory of a regional appeals court.

In cases addressing other encryption software, however, two federal appeals courts have established the rule that cryptographic software source code is speech protected by the First Amendment ( the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the Bernstein case and the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in the Junger case ).

The president also has the power to nominate federal judges, including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States.

On motion of the Amici Curiae, the court directed that a ruling be obtained from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue as to the federal income tax consequences of the Government's plan.

A flood of federal lower court injunctions seriously impeded the processes of local government.

In 1913 an abortive provision was made for the stay of federal injunction proceedings upon institution of state court test cases.

Its enforcement was enjoined by a federal trial court.

The Lincoln Mills decision authorizes a whole new body of federal `` common law '' which, as Mr. Justice Frankfurter pointed out in dissent, leads to one of the following `` incongruities '': `` ( ( 1 ) conflict in federal and state court interpretations of collective bargaining agreements ; ;

Congress has not clearly defined the bounds between state and federal court competence.

It would also probably mean different things within the same state -- depending upon what court ( state or federal ) rendered decision.

Litigants who choose to assert federal claims in a state court go into that court subject to its rules of procedure.

The charge that the federal indictment of three Chicago narcotics detail detectives `` is the product of rumor, combined with malice, and individual enmity '' on the part of the federal narcotics unit here was made yesterday in their conspiracy trial before Judge Joseph Sam Perry in federal District court.

For example, a criminal defendant may be convicted in state court, and lose on " direct appeal " to higher state appellate courts, and if unsuccessful, mount a " collateral " action such as filing for a writ of habeas corpus in the federal courts.

Similar to federal post-conviction relief, an appellant can petition the court to correct alleged fundamental errors that were not corrected on direct review.

In the U. S. federal court system, criminal defendants must file a notice of appeal within 10 days of the entry of either the judgment or the order being appealed, or the right to appeal is forfeited.

In the United States, both state and federal appellate courts are usually restricted to examining whether the lower court made the correct legal determinations, rather than hearing direct evidence and determining what the facts of the case were.

In most U. S. states, and in U. S. federal courts, parties before the court are allowed one appeal as of right.

In the federal system, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32 ( i )( 4 ) provides that the court must " address the defendant personally in order to permit the defendant to speak or present any information to mitigate the sentence.

* 1958 – A United States federal court rules that poet Ezra Pound be released from an insane asylum.

Arbor Day reached its height of popularity on its 125th anniversary in 1997, when David J. Wright, noticed that a Nebraska nonprofit organization called the National Arbor Day Foundation had taken the name of the holiday and commercialized it for their own use as a trademark for their publication " Arbor Day ," so he countered their efforts, launched a website, and trademarked it for " public use celebrations " and defended the matter in a federal district court in the United States to ensure it was judged as property of the public domain, the case was settled in October 1999.

The terms of the Artistic License 1. 0 were at issue in a 2007 federal district court decision in the US which was criticized by some for suggesting that FOSS-like licenses could only be enforced through contract law rather than through copyright law, in contexts where contract damages would be difficult to establish.

On appeal, a federal appellate court " determined that the terms of the Artistic License are enforceable copyright conditions ".

In 2005, a California federal court ruled that a group alleging that anthroposophy is a religion for Establishment Clause purposes did not provide any legally admissible evidence in support of this view ; the case is under appeal.

That is, he did not claim in any of the four courts through which his case progressed that the jury charge had denied him any federal right.

If an application is denied by one judge of the FISC, the federal government is not allowed to make the same application to a different judge of the court, but must appeal to the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review.

The federal police have asked permission from the FBI to crack down these sites, but the FBI denied, stating that the First Amendment guarantees the right to any speech, even if it involves racism.

Madison later strongly denied that individual states have the right to nullify federal law.

* Barry Bonds has been indicted by a federal grand jury for allegedly perjuring himself in testimony before a grand jury in 2003 as part of the BALCO steroid scandal, in which he denied using any performance-enhancing drugs.

" Between 1947 and 1950, 1, 700 federal job applications were denied, 4, 380 people were discharged from the military, and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals.

" After the Constitution was ratified, some wanted to add a similar amendment limiting the federal government to powers " expressly " delegated, which would have denied implied powers.

States governments have the power to make laws for all citizens that are not granted to the federal government or denied to the states in the U. S. Constitution. These include education, family law, contract law, and most crimes.

But, if the federal court finds that the defendant has been denied due process then the defendant must be released or re-tried in the state court.

When federal judge John Kane denied Scientology's request for summary judgment because FACTNet challenged Scientology's ownership of the copyrights of the documents, a settlement was reached in 1999.

In October 2007 the US District Court ordered the parties first to take their challenge to the Omaha Tribal Courts, as part of the " tribal exhaustion doctrine " established by federal precedent, and denied the plaintiffs ' request for dismissal.

If the delegation of a power to the federal government operated as a denial (" prohibit ") of that power to the respective States, then every power " delegated to the United States government by the Constitution " would also be a power " prohibited by it to the States respectively ", such that the set of powers denied to the several States would entirely encompass the set of powers delegated to the federal government.

Since the vast majority of petitions for certiorari are routinely denied without comment, it is normally unnecessary to indicate that fact in citations to decisions of lower federal courts, unless it happened within the last two years or was otherwise particularly relevant ( e. g., to support an inference that a particular appellant is a vexatious litigant ).

In 1998 he was the subject of a federal grand jury investigation into whether he had lied to Congress about having denied an Indian casino license in Wisconsin in return for political donations.

Vang Pao and the other Hmong were also initially denied bail by the California federal court, which cited each of them as a flight risk.

Following this appearance, on April 6, 2009, federal prosecutors denied all allegations of fabrications in the motion.

Gen. Akerman denied land grants and bonds to the Union Pacific and upheld previous rulings against federal assistance.

When Watson sought an injunction against the postmaster, the federal judge who heard the case called his publication " poison " and denied his request.

Two different federal appellate courts have now ruled in National Geographics favor in permitting an electronic reproduction of the paper magazine and the U. S. Supreme Court denied certiorari in December 2008.

This led to internal revisions of evidence and procedures from the first investigations both at the local and federal level, though all organizations still adamantly denied any cover-up.

While Chong argued for community service and home detention at his sentencing, the district judge, Arthur J. Schwab, denied his requests and sentenced him to 9 months in federal prison, a fine of $ 20, 000, forfeiture of $ 103, 514, and the loss of all merchandise seized during the raid of his business.

" " On bill after bill that proposed federal expenditures, Powell would offer ' our customary amendment ,' requiring that federal funds be denied to any jurisdiction that maintained segregation ; Liberals would be embarrassed, Southern politicians angered.