Nordau used statistics to paint a portrait of the dire straits of Eastern Jewry and also expressed his belief in the destiny of Jewish people as a democratic nation state, free of what he saw as the constraints of Emancipation.

Despite the fact that Nordau was Jewish and a key figure in the Zionist movement ( Lombroso was also Jewish ), his theory of artistic degeneracy would be seized upon by German National Socialists during the Weimar Republic as a rallying point for their anti-Semitic and racist demand for Aryan purity in art.

Nordau also, at the 1898 Zionist Congress, coined the term " muscular Judaism " ( muskel-Judenthum ) as a descriptor of a Jewish culture and religion which directed its adherents to reach for certain moral and corporeal ideals which, through discipline, agility and strength, would result in a stronger, more physically assured Jew who would outshine the long-held stereotype of the weak, intellectually sustained Jew.

It was Nordau, convinced that Zionism had to at least appear democratic, despite the impossibility of representing all Jewish groups, who persuaded Herzl of the need for an assembly.

Herzl obviously took centre stage, making the first speech at the Congress ; Nordau followed him with an assessment of the Jewish condition in Europe.

* Max Nordau page at the Jewish Encyclopedia

James mocks the author on the grounds that he exemplifies the then current school of medical materialism, stating that Nordau " has striven to impugn the value of works of genius in a wholesale way ( such works of contemporary art, namely, as he himself is unable to enjoy, and they are many ) by using medical arguments.

Nordau drew upon the writings of the criminologist Cesare Lombroso, whose The Criminal Man, published in 1876, attempted to prove that there were " born criminals " whose atavistic personality traits could be detected by scientifically measuring abnormal physical characteristics.

Max Simon Nordau ( July 29, 1849 – January 23, 1923 ), born Simon Maximilian Südfeld in Pest, Hungary, was a Zionist leader, physician, author, and social critic.

Nordau was born Simon Maximilian, or Simcha Südfeld on 29 July 1849 in Budapest, then part of the Austrian Empire.

* Massada, upper Hadar HaCarmel: near Massada and Nordau streets, with their galleries, antique shops, cafés and restaurants.

Nordau went on to play a major role in the World Zionist Organisation ; indeed Nordau's relative fame certainly helped bring attention to the Zionist movement.

In Hungary, Hebrew-language authors included Solomon Lewison of Moor ( 1789 – 1822 ), author of " Melitzat Yeshurun "; Gabriel Südfeld, a poet who was the father of Max Nordau ; and the poet Simon Bacher.

* January 23 – Max Nordau, Hungarian author, philosopher, and Zionist leader ( b. 1849 )

* July 29 – Max Nordau, Austrian author, philosopher, and Zionist leader ( d. 1923 )

The term Entartung ( or " degeneracy ") had gained currency in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author Max Nordau devised the theory presented in his 1892 book, Entartung.

Nordau developed from this premise a critique of modern art, explained as the work of those so corrupted and enfeebled by modern life that they have lost the self-control needed to produce coherent works.

Nordau was an example of a fully assimilated and acculturated European Jew.

Nordau cited England as an exception to this continental anti-Semitism that proved the rule.

Nordau was central to the Zionist Congresses which played such a vital part in shaping what Zionism would become.

" There would be eleven such Congresses in all, the first, which Nordau organised, was in Basle, 29 – 31 August 1897.

Indeed the fact that Max Nordau, the trenchant essayist and journalist, was a Jew came as a revelation for many.

Whereas Herzl favoured the idea of an elite forming policy, Nordau insisted the Congress have a democratic nature of some sort, calling for votes on key topics.

Nordau was also a staunch eugenicist.

As the 20th century progressed, Nordau seemed increasingly irrelevant as a cultural critic.

Nordau, in comparison, seemed very much a creature of the late 19th century.

Nordau died in Paris, France in 1923.

The Nazi movement, from nearly the start, denounced the Bauhaus for its " degenerate art ", and the Nazi regime was determined to crack down on what it saw as the foreign, probably Jewish influences of " cosmopolitan modernism.

While the book purports to describe a plague of locusts, some ancient Jewish opinion saw the locusts as allegorical interpretations of Israel's enemies.

Matthew may have been influenced by Jewish Christianity, a movement in the first few centuries CE which saw Jesus as the Messiah, but continued to practice Jewish customs and traditions.

Although traditional Judaism had adopted some features of Kabbalah, it adapted them to fit its own system: it added to its own ritualism the asceticism of the " practical kabbalists " just across the eastern borders in the ancient Greek and Anatolian Jewish communities under the Ottoman Empire, who saw the essence of earthly existence only in fasting, in penance, and in spiritual sadness.

In Poland the Chozeh of Lublin, Yisroel Hopsztajn | Maggid of Kozhnitz and Menachem Mendel of Rimanov saw Jewish eschatology | Messianic potential in the Gog and Magog | turmoil.

Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Russia saw Jewish emancipation | physical improvement but long term Jewish assimilation | spiritual danger and opposed

Despite the difficulties facing a congregational Rabbi raising a family, Klein volunteered for the U. S. Army during World War II as a chaplain, motivated by a cause he saw as clearly right with important implications for the Jewish People.

At that time, the British also supported the creation and the training of Palmach, as a unit that could withstand a German offensive in the area, with the consent of Yishuv which saw an opportunity to get trained units and soldiers for the planned Jewish state and during 1944-1945, the most mainstream Jewish para-military organization, Haganah, cooperated with the British authorities against the Lehi and Etzel.

With the promise of political emancipation many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe Jewish law and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe.

Early German use of the term judenchristlich (" Jewish-Christian "), in a decidedly negative sense, can be found in the late writings of Friedrich Nietzsche, who emphasized what he saw as neglected aspects of continuity between the Jewish world view and that of Christianity.

Marshall saw recognizing the Jewish state as a political move to gain Jewish support in the upcoming election, in which Truman was expected to lose to Dewey.

Over the period of the First Intifada and Second Intifada the Jewish community was subjected to attacks by Palestinian militants, especially during the periods of the Intifadas ; which saw 3 fatal stabbings and 9 fatal shootings in between the first and second Intifada ( 0. 9 % of all fatalities in Israel and the West Bank ) and 17 fatal shootings ( 9 soldiers and 8 settlers ) and 2 fatalities from a bombing during the second Intifada, and thousands of rounds fired on it from the hills above the Abu-Sneina and Harat al-Sheikh neighbourhoods.

John Derbyshire, who says he has " complicated and sometimes self-contradictory feelings about Jews ", wrote on National Review Online regarding what he saw as the Jewish overreaction to the article that " It was a display of arrogance, cruelty, ignorance, stupidity, and sheer bad manners by rich and powerful people towards a harmless, helpless young writer, and the Jews who whipped up this preposterous storm should all be thoroughly ashamed of themselves ".

" Some scholars hold that Jesus ' quote " Before Philip called you, when you were under the fig tree, I saw you ", is based on a Jewish figure of speech referring to studying the Torah.

The early period of Alfonso's reign saw the translation of selected works of magic ( Lapidario, Picatrix, Libro de las formas et las ymagenes ) all translated by a Jewish scholar named Yehuda ben Moshe ( Yhuda Mosca, in the Old Spanish source texts ).

Ben-Gurion saw the struggle to make the Negev desert bloom as an area where the Jewish people could make a major contribution to humanity as a whole.

The end of the Middle Ages saw something of a golden age for Segovia, with a growing Jewish population and the creation of a foundation for a powerful cloth industry.

For Hitler, the land which would provide sufficient Lebensraum for Germany was the Soviet Union, which for Hitler was both a nation that possessed vast and rich agricultural land and was inhabited by what Hitler saw as Slavic Untermenschen ( sub-humans ) ruled over by what he regarded as a gang of blood-thirsty, but grossly incompetent Jewish revolutionaries.

In 1938, with the outbreak of violence that would come to be known as Kristallnacht, American Orthodox rabbi Mnachem HaKohen Risikoff wrote about the central role he saw for Priests and Levites in terms of Jewish and world responses, in worship, liturgy, and teshuva, repentance.

In 1937 Abel Meeropol, a Jewish schoolteacher from New York, saw a copy of the photograph of the Marion lynching.

He saw death every day while in the Philippines, at the hands of his enemies and his allies, and through freak accidents such as that which killed another extroverted Jewish private named Melvin Levy.