Alternative medicine is frequently grouped with complementary medicine or integrative medicine, which, in general, refers to the same interventions when used in conjunction with mainstream techniques, under the umbrella term complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM.

In medicine, aetiology refers to the many factors coming together to cause an illness.

Complementary medicine usually refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while alternative medicine refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine.

Around the world the term physician refers to a specialist in internal medicine or one of its many sub-specialties ( especially as opposed to a specialist in surgery ).

The scientific revolution refers to the history of science in the early modern period, where development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

Universal precautions refers to the practice, in medicine, of avoiding contact with patients ' bodily fluids, by means of the wearing of nonporous articles such as medical gloves, goggles, and face shields.

In medicine heliox generally refers to a mixture of 21 % O < sub > 2 </ sub > ( the same as air ) and 79 % He, although other combinations are available.

Osteopathy or osteopath as written in some U. S. state and federal laws refers only to osteopathic medicine or osteopathic physicians, respectively.

In biology and medicine, the term " gonad " can refer to either male gonads ( testes ) or female gonads ( ovaries ); but the vernacular or slang use of " gonads " ( or " nads ") usually only refers to the testes.

" Paracelsus ", meaning " equal to or greater than Celsus ", refers to the Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus from the 1st century, known for his tract on medicine.

Medical cannabis refers to the parts of the herb cannabis used as a physician-recommended form of medicine or herbal therapy, or to synthetic forms of specific cannabinoids such as THC as a physician-recommended form of medicine.

Much historical evidence of use of nettles in medicine, folk remedies, cooking and fibre production relate to one species-Urtica dioica, but a fair amount also refers to the use of Urtica urens, the small nettle, which is preferred because it has more stinging hairs per leaf area than the more common species.

In medicine, wasting refers to the process by which a debilitating disease causes muscle and fat tissue to " waste " away.

Garcia-Ballester says the following of Galen ’ s use of prognosis: " In modern medicine, we are used to distinguishing between the diagnostic judgment ( the scientific knowledge of what a patient has ) and the prognostic judgment ( the conjecture about what will happen to him.

Although diagnostic medicine experiments conducted by Korotkov using GDV were deemed to be statistically unreliable, his web site still promotes his device and research in a medical context.

The Academy of Medical Psychology defines medical psychology as a specialty trained at the post doctoral level and designed to deliver advanced diagnostic and clinical interventions in Medical and Healthcare Facilities utilizing the knowledge and skills of clinical psychology, health psychology, behavioral medicine, psychopharmacology and basic medical science.

* Thure von Uexküll ( 1908 – 2004 ), the " father " of modern psychosomatic medicine, developed a diagnostic method based on semiotic and biosemiotic analyses.

Its short-lived gamma ray-emitting nuclear isomer — technetium-99m — is used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of diagnostic tests.

When such types of tumors are encountered, diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, angiograms, and nuclear medicine scans are employed prior to ( or during ) biopsy and / or surgical exploration / excision in an attempt to avoid such severe complications.

Ultrasound has been used by radiologists and sonographers to image the human body for at least 50 years and has become a widely used diagnostic tool used in modern medicine.

An important field is medical physics, and its subfields nuclear medicine, radiation therapy, health physics, and diagnostic imaging.

In diagnostic nuclear medicine a number of short-lived gamma emitters such as technetium-99m are used.

* Computer-aided diagnosis / Computer-assisted detection, in medicine, a combination of computer science and radiography used to support the diagnostic process

The ELISA has been used as a diagnostic tool in medicine and plant pathology, as well as a quality-control check in various industries.

Some time during the 1980s, Kamen became a member of the faculty at the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, a private research institute that studies biochemistry, diagnostic medicine, nutrition, preventive medicine and the molecular biology of aging which was responsible for the controversial Oregon Petition.

Laurie's fame expanded to the American public in 2004, when he first starred as the acerbic physician specialising in diagnostic medicine, Dr Gregory House in the popular Fox medical drama House.

Resources include full clinical, diagnostic, and nursing services, health promotion options, sports medicine and therapy, dental services, and a pharmacy.

* Stratified medicine, where patients are grouped according to shared biological traits and diagnostic results

They have been widely used in clinical diagnostic medicine since the 1970s, and also in intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring ( IONM ), also known as surgical neurophysiology.

Many centuries ago the doctors propagated the viability of a complex approach in the diagnosis of disease and the treatment of the patient, however modern medicine, which boasts a wide range of diagnostic methods and variety of therapeutic procedures, stresses specification.

Nuclear medicine encompasses both diagnostic imaging and treatment of disease, and may also be referred to as molecular medicine or molecular imaging & therapeutics.

In clinical fields such as medicine, the validity of a diagnosis, and associated diagnostic tests or screening tests, may be assessed.

This is widely used for diagnostic purposes in medicine, and can provide detailed images of the inside of a person without inflicting any radiation upon them.

Experimental medicine and some types of uncommon diagnostic or surgical procedures are considered quaternary care.

As you might expect, the converse or nanoscale also has been added to the list of the realm of scientific instrument applications and research, with much of the activity centered around the use of miniaturization in the field of medicine, particularly as non-invasive imaging has exploded on the diagnostic arts and minimally invasive tools and robotics have extended the reach of surgeons of every stripe.

These registries are sponsored by 18 national medical, dental, and veterinary societies and have as their mission the assembling of selected cases of interest to military medicine and of establishing through the mechanism of follow-up of living patients the natural history of various diseases of military-medical importance.

health, hygiene, medical aid and preventive medicine ; ;

Critics maintain that the terms “ complementary ” and “ alternative medicine ” are deceptive euphemisms meant to give an impression of medical authority.

The term ' complementary medicine ' is primarily used to describe practices employed in conjunction with or to complement conventional medical treatments.

The terms ' integrative ' or ' integrated medicine ' indicate combinations of conventional and alternative medical treatments that have some scientific proof of efficacy ; such practices are viewed by advocates as the best examples of complementary medicine.

Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, Homeopathy and Naturopathy are cited as examples The term appears to have entered into usage through the National Institute of Health's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ( NCCAM ), which began to employ it as a substitute for alternative medical systems as a way of differentiating widely comprehensive systems of medicine, such as Ayurvedic medicine, from specialized alternative approaches.

* Franklin's impact on medicine — talk by medical historian, Dr. Jim Leavesley celebrating the 300th anniversary of Franklin's birth on Okham's Razor ABC Radio National — December 2006

This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine: It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences to improve healthcare diagnosis, monitoring and therapy.

Whereas the philosophical approach to consciousness focuses on its fundamental nature and its contents, the medical approach focuses on the amount of consciousness a person has: in medicine, consciousness is assessed as a " level " ranging from coma and brain death at the low end, to full alertness and purposeful responsiveness at the high end.

Obtaining a medical history is always the first " test ", part of understanding the likelihood of significant disease, as detectable within the current limitations of clinical medicine.

Chiropractic has developed a strong political base and sustained demand for services ; in recent decades, it has gained more legitimacy and greater acceptance among medical physicians and health plans in the U. S., and the principles of evidence-based medicine have been used to review research studies and generate practice guidelines.

In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on January 19, 1996, health minister Gerald Malone noted that the title doctor had never been restricted to either medical practitioners or those with doctoral degrees in the UK, commenting that the word was defined by common usage but that the titles " physician, doctor of medicine, licentiate in medicine and surgery, bachelor of medicine, surgeon, general practitioner and apothecary " did have special protection in law.

In medicine, all medical practitioners trained in Canada receive the MD degree ( or MDCM in the case of graduates of McGill University ) and are referred to as " Doctor ".

In the U. S. and Canada, training for board certification in internal medicine, pediatrics, or gynecology after medical school is called residency.

On hearing that the Dean of the faculty of medicine at the University of Sorbonne, Paris was in favour of admitting women as medical students, Elizabeth studied French so that she could apply for a medical degree, which she obtained in 1870.

Finally, evidence-based medicine can be understood as a medical " movement " in which advocates work to popularize the method and usefulness of the practice in the public, patient communities, educational institutions and continuing education of practicing professionals.

Evidence-based medicine categorizes different types of clinical evidence and rates or grades them according to the strength of their freedom from the various biases that beset medical research.

The term " evidence-based medicine " first appeared in the medical literature in 1992 in a paper by Guyatt et al.

The word is most commonly used in medical and philosophical theories, where it is used to refer to the study of why things occur, or even the reasons behind the way that things act, and is used in philosophy, physics, psychology, government, medicine, theology and biology in reference to the causes of various phenomena.