Since the introduction of a national minimum wage in the UK in 1999, its effects on employment were subject to extensive research and observation by the Low Pay Commission.

The minimum wage rate is reset annually after guidance from the Low Pay Commission, and on 1 October 2011 it stood at £ 6. 08 for over 21 year olds, £ 4. 98 for 18-20 year olds, £ 3. 68 for under 18 year olds finished with compulsory education and £ 2. 60 for under 19 year olds or first year apprentices.

He was a Director of the Child Poverty Action Group 1969 – 79, and of the Low Pay Unit ( a body that campaigned to ensure wages councils protected the rights of workers in certain industries ) during 1974 – 80.

* Low Pay by Frank Field, 1973, Arrow Books, ISBN 0-09-908240-3

* Rising Tide of Poverty: A Challenge for Political Parties by Frank Field, 1978, Low Pay Unit, ISBN B0000EDRIP

* Policies Against Low Pay by Frank Field, 1984, Policy Studies Institute

From 1975-9, he was a research officer at the Low Pay Unit ( now called the Low Pay Commission ).

Other organisations with an interest in living wage issues include the Living Wage Campaign, and the Church Action on Poverty and the Scottish Low Pay Unit.

The NMW rates are reviewed each year by the Low Pay Commission, which makes recommendations for change to the Government.

A scholar and activist associated with the anti-sweatshop movement, he published No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers in 1998 and Low Pay, High Profile: The Global Push for Fair Labor in 2002.

It has been argued that the median ( midpoint ) worker's wage is a better indicator in these circumstances ; this measure is used in the UK by both the Office for National Statistics and the Scottish Low Pay Unit in examining wage levels.

In the US, the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) requires AM / FM radio and TV stations without a Low Power FM ( LPFM ) license to transmit with at least 6000 Watts of power.

Commission on Low Temperature Physics

• The Fritz London Award, given by the Commission on Low Temperature Physics ( C5 )

Biohazard, Blood For Blood, Bury Your Dead, Terror, Winds of Plague, Stick to Your Guns, Your Demise, Thy Will Be Done, This is Hell, The Carrier, Suffokate, Born Low, Murder Death Kill, Trapped Under Ice, Lionheart, Shai Hulud, Close Your Eyes, Legend, Monsters, The World We Knew, The Great Commission, The Greenery, Hundredth, King Conquer, Betrayal, Withered, Venia, Death Ray Vision, She Has Fallen, Years Since the Storm

Bad relations between England and Flanders brought hard times to the shepherds scattered over the dales and downs as well as to the crowded Flemish cities, and while the English, so far, had done no more than grumble, Othon had seen what the discontent might lead to, for before he left the Low Countries the citizens of Ghent had risen in protest against the expense of supporting Edward and his troops, and the regular soldiers had found it unexpectedly difficult to put down the nasty little riot that ensued.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Low partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen such as found at high altitude or by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix.

Spreading westward along the coastline it is found in the Ertebølle culture of Denmark and Ellerbek of Northern Germany, and the related Swifterbant culture of the Low Countries.

Quentin Skinner has argued that several critical modern innovations in contract theory are found in the writings from French Calvinists and Huguenots, whose work in turn was invoked by writers in the Low Countries who objected to their subjection to Spain and, later still, by Catholics in England.

Following the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union, and the German conquest of France and the Low Countries, Romania found itself increasingly isolated ; meanwhile, pro-German and pro-Fascist elements began to grow.

Low clouds are found from near surface up to.

Low ceruloplasmin is also found in Menkes disease and aceruloplasminemia, which are related to, but much rarer than Wilson's disease.

Low densities may be associated with specialized mate location adaptations such as specialized pollinators, as found in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae ).

The largest housing areas can be found in the areas occupying Riley, Low Town, Brickfields and Turnshaws.

After the war, Low is said to have found his name in the The Black Book, the list of those the Nazis planned to arrest in the aftermath of an invasion of Great Britain.

# It has many developments and sound shifts not found in any other Low German dialect ;

While double negation is still found in the Low Franconian dialects of west Flanders ( e. g., Ik ne willen da nie doen, " I do not want to do that ") and in some villages in the central Netherlands such as Garderen, it takes a different form than that found in Afrikaans.

He planted his collection of tulip bulbs and found they were able to tolerate the harsher conditions of the Low Countries ; shortly thereafter the tulip began to grow in popularity.

Low areas nearby seem to indicate a large garden which included an artificial lake ; similar gardens were found in other Central Asian palaces ( Williams 2002 ).

Its remains have been found in what is now Portugal, Spain, France ( excluding the central massif ), Great Britain and Ireland, the Low Countries, and Germany between the Elbe and Rhine, with an extension along the upper Danube into the Vienna basin ( Austria ), Hungary and Czech Republic, with Mediterranean outposts on Sardinia and Sicily ; there is less certain evidence for direct penetration in the east.

Prior to the advent of the LPFM discussion and eventual rulemaking at the FCC, Low Power FM operations were found legally under FCC Part 15. 239 in the form of single transmitters and radiating cable operations.

Nanaimo is probably the northernmost location of a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ) in the world, and is slightly shielded from the Aleutian Low ’ s influence by the mountains of central Vancouver Island, so that summers are unusually dry for its latitude and location — though summer drying as a trend is found in the immediate lee of the coastal ranges as far north as Skagway, Alaska.

In the United States, saccharin is often found in restaurants in pink packets ; the most popular brand is " Sweet ' N Low ".

At Arbor Low in Derbyshire, all the stones except one are laid flat and do not seem to have been erected, as no stone holes have been found.

In 1981, Bishop Doren and others left the Anglican Catholic Church to found the United Episcopal Church of North America in opposition to the alleged inhospitality of the other jurisdictions towards Low Churchmen.

Traces of the importance of Middle Low German can be seen by the many loanwords found in the Scandinavian, Finnic, and Baltic languages, as well as standard German and English.

It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the July Revolution, the Belgian Revolution and the November Uprising taking place in respectively France, the Low Countries and Poland.

The Low Countries were the scene of the early northern towns, newbuilt rather than developed from ancient centres, that mark the reawakening of Europe in the 12th century.

Most of these Anglo-Catholic " innovations " ( or, rather, revivals of dormant practices ) have since been accepted by mainstream Anglican churches, if not by Evangelical or Low Church Anglicans.

In the German language, the term " Weißer Sonntag " ( literally: " White Sunday ") does not refer to Whitsunday but rather to the first Sunday after Easter, known in English as either " Octave Day of Easter " or " Low Sunday ".

It's the only area in Germany where the traditional dialects are Low Franconian, rather than Low German or High German.

After the Low Dam was almost over-topped in 1946, the British administration decided that rather than raise the dam a third time, a second dam should be built some 7 km upriver.

In the great Anglican debate of the Victorian era, he was a Low Churchman rather than High Church sacerdotalist.

Low doses of clonazepam is most effective with a 90 % success rate, how this drug works to restore REM atonia is unclear, however it is thought to suppress muscle activity, rather than directly restoring atonia.

* Low doses of some antidepressants such as amitriptyline are thought to be effective in treating neuropathic pain, but a tremendous amount of controversy exists on this topic, and their use is often limited to treating the depression that is associated with chronic pain, rather than the actual sensation of pain from the trigeminal nerve.

Like Toyooka in Hyōgo Prefecture, Maizuru has a climate resembling the Hokuriku region rather than the rest of Kansai, though it is less wet than other Hokuriku towns during the late autumn and winter because its location on a deep inlet means the northerly winds driven by the Siberian High and Aleutian Low do not produce as much rain and / or snow.

Aysgarth Falls ( High, Middle, Low ) are famous for their beauty ( rather than their height ), attracting far-off visitors ; they were also featured in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.

Low chamber pressures also generate lower heat transfer rates, which allow ablative or radiative cooling of the combustion chambers rather than more elaborate regenerative cooling.

Low captured national attention for his performances in Parliament, receiving praise for his assertiveness, good analytical ability and his willingness to be constructive rather than oppose for the sake of opposing.

A Low Mass celebrated by a bishop is almost identical with one celebrated by a priest, except that the bishop puts on the maniple only after the Prayers at the Foot of the Altar, uses the greeting " Peace be with you " rather than the priest or deacon's " The Lord be with you ", and makes the sign of the cross three times at the final blessing, which may be preceded by a formula that begins with " Adiutorium nostrum in nomine Domini " ( Our help is in the name of the Lord ).

The question of whether Low German should be considered a separate language, rather than a dialect of German or Dutch, has been a point of contention.

As said, these arguments are not linguistic but rather socio-political and build mainly around the fact that Low German has no official standard form or use in sophisticated media.

Low blood pressure is sometimes associated with certain symptoms, many of which are related to causes rather than effects of hypotension:

They also had unique engine hatches, and up until 1971 front indicators set low on the nose rather than high on either side of the fresh air grille – giving rise to their nickname as " Low Lights ".

When Seth Low folded in 1938, its remaining students were absorbed into Columbia's undergraduate population as students in the University Extension program ; as such, they were only eligible to earn a Bachelor of Science degree rather than a Bachelor of Arts.

Also that year, the 2nd Battalion's flank companies took part in the disastrous Walcheren Expedition in the Low Countries, a campaign that would suffer many casualties from disease rather than the bullet of an enemy, through Walcheren Fever, which affected the troops that suffered from it so severely that many thousands of the troops still suffered from it years afterwards, and led to the Duke of Wellington stating that he did not want any unit that served in the Walcheren Campaign to serve with him.

The Low German language, rather than Danish, had become typical of Holstein and much of south Schleswig.

It is just possible to make out the " crow step corbie-steppit gable ", where the gable ends rise in steps rather than the more normal smooth angled line-an architectural feature imported from the Low Countries.

Examples include the floppy disk controller on the Amstrad PCW, the 8087 coprocessor on the x86 when used in the IBM PC or its compatibles ( even though Intel recommended connecting it to a normal interrupt, causing the error pin on the 287 when used in the IBM PC / AT to be connected to a normal interrupt rather than directly to the 286 error pin, for which the handler jumps to the NMI handler, and later causing Intel, in the 486, to add the MS-DOS compatibility mode to it ), and the Low Battery signal on the HP 95LX.