hacker

This includes what hacker slang calls “ script kiddies ,” people breaking into computers using programs written by others, with very little knowledge about the way they work.

Over the course of 2011, the word " hacker " gained a fourth meaning, generally referring to someone who challenges the existing order, most often using science, engineering, or information technology.

Currently, " hacker " is used in two main conflicting ways

( For example, " An Internet ' hacker ' broke through state government security systems in March.

( For example, " Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, is considered by some to be a hacker.

It is noteworthy, however, that the positive definition of hacker was widely used as the predominant form for many years before the negative definition was popularized.

The primary weakness of this analogy is the inclusion of script kiddies in the popular usage of " hacker ", despite the lack of an underlying skill and knowledge base.

Sometimes, hacker also is simply used synonymous to geek: " A true hacker is not a group person.

Fred Shapiro thinks that " the common theory that ' hacker ' originally was a benign term and the malicious connotations of the word were a later perversion is untrue.

" He found out that the malicious connotations were present at MIT in 1963 already ( quoting The Tech, a MIT Student Magazine ) and then referred to unauthorized users of the telephone network, The Newsweek article appears to be the first use of the word hacker by the mainstream media in the pejorative sense.

Use of the term hacker meaning computer criminal was also advanced by the title " Stalking the Wily Hacker ", an article by Clifford Stoll in the May 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM.

In the programmer subculture of hackers, a hacker is a person who follows a spirit of playful cleverness and loves programming.

It also has a hacker ethic, based on the idea that writing software and sharing the result on a voluntary basis is a good idea, and that information should be free, but that it's not up to the hacker to make it free by breaking into private computer systems.

This hacker ethic was publicized and perhaps originated in Steven Levy's Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution ( 1984 ).

The programmer subculture of hackers disassociates from the mass media's pejorative use of the word ' hacker ' referring to computer security, and usually prefer the term ' cracker ' for that meaning.

Complaints about supposed mainstream misuse started as early as 1983, when media used “ hacker ” to refer to the computer criminals involved in the 414s case.

In the programmer subculture of hackers, a computer hacker is a person who enjoys designing software and building programs with a sense for aesthetics and playful cleverness.

" “ hacker ” was defined as " one who hacks, or makes them.

According to Eric S. Raymond, the Open source and Free Software hacker subculture developed in the 1960s among ‘ academic hackers ’ working on early minicomputers in computer science environments in the United States.

The PDP-10 machine AI at MIT, which was running the ITS operating system and which was connected to the Arpanet, provided an early hacker meeting point.

Within the computer programmer subculture of hackers, the term hacker is also used for a programmer who reaches a goal by employing a series of modifications to extend existing code or resources.

This derogatory form of the noun " hack " derives from the everyday English sense " to cut or shape by or as if by crude or ruthless strokes " and is even used among users of the positive sense of " hacker " who produces " cool " or " neat " hacks.

In other words to " hack " at an original creation, as if with an axe, is to force-fit it into being usable for a task not intended by the original creator, and a " hacker " would be someone who does this habitually.