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Ask AI3: What is justifications?
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Within this frame of reference policies appropriate to claims advanced in the name of the Jews depend upon which Jewish identity is involved, as well as upon the nature of the claim, the characteristics of the claimant, the justifications proposed, and the predispositions of the community decision makers who are called upon to act.
Punishment of the wrongdoer, so liberals are inclined to say, can have only three possible justifications: revenge, reformation or deterrent example.
Insofar as these nations claim to incarnate traditions and ways of life which constitute ultimate, trans-political justifications for their existence, such people are inevitably led to emphasize the ways in which these traditions and ways are theirs rather than someone else's.
All schools of Indian logic recognize various sets of valid justifications for knowledge, or pramāṇa.
Some take the approach of looking for coherent justifications of established copyright systems, while others start with general ethical theories, such as utilitarianism and try to analyse policy through that lens.
As with most lurid tales of native cannibalism, these stories are treated with a great deal of scrutiny, as accusations of cannibalism were often used as justifications for the subjugation or destruction of " savages ".
One of the earliest justifications involved the theory of natural law.
New Republic editor Michael Kinsley argued that critics should not simply dismiss State Department justifications for death squad attacks on " soft targets ": " The State Department has defended bloody contra attacks on government-sponsored farm cooperatives, saying that these civilian facilities have military aspects.
The historical, continental rationalism expounded by René Descartes is often regarded as antithetical to empiricism, while some contemporary rationalists assert that reason is strongest when it is supported by or consistent with empirical evidence and hence relies heavily on empirical science in analyzing justifications for belief.
Bishop Hans Brask's original justifications for the canal's construction were the onerous Sound Dues imposed by Denmark – Norway on all vessels passing through the narrow Øresund channel between Sweden and Denmark and the trouble with the Hanseatic League.
Despite this, the strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day.
Various moral justifications for private property can be used to argue in favor of the morality of intellectual property, such as:
The historian Clinton Rossiter called the Federalist Papers “ the most important work in political science that ever has been written, or is likely ever to be written, in the United States .” They were not scholarly arguments or impartial justifications for the constitution, but political polemics intended to assist the federalists in New York, which was the only state to have a coordinated anti-federalist movement.
It follows on Dworkin's view that one cannot know whether a society has a legal system in force, or what any of its laws are, until one knows some moral truths about the justifications for the practices in that society.
Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's primary justifications included a charge that Kuwaiti territory was in fact an Iraqi province, and that annexation was retaliation for " economic warfare " Kuwait had waged through slant drilling into Iraq's oil supplies.
During these disorders, the Council of State still assembled at the usual place and the " Lord President Bradshaw John Bradshaw ( judge ), who was present, though by long sickness very weak and much extenuated, yet animated by his ardent zeal and constant affection to the common cause, upon hearing Col Syndenham's justifications of the proceedings of the army in again disrupting parliament, stood up and interrupted him, declaring his abhorrence of that detestable action, and telling the council, that being now going to his God, he had not patience to sit there to hear his great name so openly blasphemed ; and thereupon departed to his lodgings, and withdrew himself from public employment.
* Consequentialist justifications of the state
There are various justifications of the exemption from criminal responsibility of the insane.
There has been considerable philosophical and theological debate about the kinds of proofs, justifications and arguments that are appropriate for this discourse.
Philosophical arguments and justifications are another important part of philosophical method.
* Consequentialist justifications of the state
The use of Bayesian probability raises the philosophical debate as to whether it can contribute valid justifications of belief.
Some philosophers assert that property rights arise from social convention, while others find justifications for them in morality or natural law.
The two major justifications given for original property, or homesteading, are effort and scarcity.
These two justifications lead to different conclusions on what can be property.

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