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Economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek wrote about emergence in the context of law, politics, and markets.

His theories set out the difference between cosmos or " grown order " ( that is, emergence ), and taxis or " made order ".

Hayek dismisses philosophies that do not adequately recognize the emergent nature of society, and which describe it as the conscious creation of a rational agent ( be it God, the Sovereign, or any kind of personified body politic, such as Hobbes's Leviathan ).

The most important social structures, including the laws (" nomos ") governing the relations between individual persons, are emergent, according to Hayek.

While the idea of laws and markets as emergent phenomena comes fairly naturally to an economist, and was indeed present in the works of early economists such as Bernard Mandeville, David Hume, and Adam Smith, Hayek traces the development of ideas based on spontaneous-order throughout the history of Western thought, occasionally going as far back as the presocratics.

In this, he follows Karl Popper, who blamed the idea of the state as a made order on Plato in The Open Society and its Enemies.

Emergentism is a rejection of the state on the grounds that it is a perversion of the emergent rules that societies form spontaneously.

Some 19th-century classical liberals, notably Gustave de Molinari and Frédéric Bastiat, were known advocates of an emergent society and wrote about the concepts in detail.

See The Production of Security and The Law, respectively.