Page "Holographic principle" Paragraph 18

In 1995, Susskind, along with collaborators Tom Banks, Willy Fischler, and Stephen Shenker, presented a formulation of the new M-theory using a holographic description in terms of charged point black holes, the D0 branes of type IIA string theory.

The Matrix theory they proposed was first suggested as a description of two branes in 11-dimensional supergravity by Bernard de Wit, Jens Hoppe, and Hermann Nicolai.

The later authors reinterpreted the same matrix models as a description of the dynamics of point black holes in particular limits.

Holography allowed them to conclude that the dynamics of these black holes give a complete non-perturbative formulation of M-theory.

In 1997, Juan Maldacena gave the first holographic descriptions of a higher dimensional object, the 3 + 1 dimensional type IIB membrane, which resolved a long-standing problem of finding a string description which describes a gauge theory.

These developments simultaneously explained how string theory is related to quantum chromodynamics, and afterwards holography gained wide acceptance.