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Since the scientific revolution, the relationship of science to religion and spirituality has developed in complex ways.

Historian John Hedley Brooke describes wide variations: " the natural sciences have been invested with religious meaning, with antireligious implications and, in many contexts, with no religious significance at all.

" The popular notion of antagonisms between science and religion has historically originated with " thinkers with a social or political ax to grind " rather than with the natural philosophers themselves.

Though physical and biological scientists today avoid supernatural explanations to describe reality ( see naturalism ), many scientists continue to consider science and spirituality to be complementary, not contradictory.

Neuroscientists are trying to learn more about how the brain functions during reported spiritual experiences.