Page "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk" Paragraph 28

At the insistence of the Ottoman leader Talat Pasha, all lands Russia had captured from the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War ( 1877 – 1878 ), specifically Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi, were to be returned.

This territory was under the effective control of the newly established Democratic Republic of Georgia and the Democratic Republic of Armenia until 1921.

After the Soviets conquered these republics, the territory under Armenian control, by and large, went to Turkey ; whereas the territory under Georgian control mostly reverted to the Soviet Union after Georgia's fall in March 1921.