Slavoljub Eduard Penkala invented a solid-ink fountain pen in 1907, a German inventor named Baum took out a ballpoint patent in 1910, and yet another ballpoint pen device was patented by Van Vechten Riesburg in 1916.

* 1901: L. Frank Baum, an author, first mentions the idea of an electronic display / spectacles that overlays data onto real life ( in this case ' people '), it's named a ' character marker '.

Aside from Tik-Tok, a princess named Ozma, and a visit to the Nome King's domain, the similarities between the book and the finished play were minimal, allowing Baum to re-adapt the latter as the eighth Oz book, Tik-Tok of Oz, in 1914.

The investors put up $ 100, 000 ; Baum was named president, and received a block of stock in the company in payment for the cinema rights to his works.

It makes use of the forward-backward algorithm and is named for Leonard E. Baum and Lloyd R. Welch.

Three years later Paul VI elevated him to Archbishop of Washington, D. C. ( his successor in Springfield-Cape Girardeau being Bernard Francis Law, another future cardinal ); and in the consistory of 1976 Baum was named Cardinal-Priest of S. Croce in via Flaminia.

Her role was significantly expanded in the 1902 musical extravaganza, in which L. Frank Baum named her Locasta.

In 1998, Baum Stadium was named the country's number one college baseball facility by Baseball America.

Recent research in the molecular systematics of this group, and related species, by Oyama and Baum ( 2004 ), has confirmed that the genus as described by Thompson is monophyletic, provided that one species ( A. cyathiferum ) is removed to a separate genus, and two others ( previously listed as Mohavea confertiflora and M. breviflora ) are included.

Like other authors, Thompson placed A. cyathiferum in this section, but Oyama and Baum, following earlier authors, suggest that it should be reclassified in genus Pseudorontium, while Mohavea confertiflora and M. breviflora should be included.

Dorothy is a standard character, having at least a cameo role in thirteen of the fourteen Oz books written by L. Frank Baum ( while she did not appear at all in The Marvelous Land of Oz, she is mentioned several times in that story, as it was her actions in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz that led to the events in the former ) and is at least a frequent figure in the nineteen that followed by author Ruth Plumly Thompson, getting at least a cameo in all her books except Captain Salt in Oz ( in which neither Oz nor any of its inhabitants appear, though they are mentioned ).

Although Baum did not often use the word " mortal ," Thompson seemed far more fond of it as a way of describing the people who had come to Oz from the great outside world.

When the ensemble first became full-time in 1991, its members included Eric Alatorre ( bass, and currently the longest standing member ), Frank Albinder ( baritone ), Kevin Baum ( tenor ), Mark Daniel ( tenor ), Kenneth Fitch ( countertenor ), Tim Gibler ( bass ), Jonathan Goodman ( tenor ), Joseph Jennings ( countertenor and Music Director ), Chad Runyon ( baritone ), Foster Sommerlad ( countertenor ), Matthew Thompson ( tenor ), and Philip Wilder ( countertenor ).

Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz was written by Ruth Plumly Thompson, the writer who continued the Oz books after the death of L. Frank Baum.

Although Baum was credited as the author, it was written entirely by Thompson.

Beginning in the 1980s, some editions have correctly credited Thompson, although the cover of the 2001 edition by Dover Publications credits only Baum.

L. Frank Baum never suggested that water could destroy all witches, but Thompson certainly surmised as much.

The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) is the twenty-first in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the seventh by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) is the seventeenth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the third written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) is the eighteenth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the fourth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) is the nineteenth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the fifth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

Baum mentions Pastoria, a former ruler of Oz, only briefly in the twentieth chapter of The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ); Thompson spins Baum's hint into a full tale of Pastoria's exile.

The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) is the twentieth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the sixth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) is the twenty-second in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the eighth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

Like other writers of previous generations, Thompson and Baum are now sometimes criticized for failing to meet contemporary standards of political correctness.

Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) is the twenty-third of the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and continued by other writers ; it is the ninth Oz book written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) is the twenty-fourth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the tenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

In 1962, Sacramento theater manager Richard Fullmer obtained permission from Thompson, publisher Reilly & Lee, and the Baum estate to adapt the book.

Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) is the twenty-fifth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the eleventh written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) is the 26th in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the 12th written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) is the twenty-seventh in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the thirteenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) is the twenty-eighth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the fourteenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) is the twenty-ninth in the series of Oz books created by L. Frank Baum and his successors, and the fifteenth written by Ruth Plumly Thompson.

His father bought him a cheap printing press ; which, with the help of his younger brother Henry ( Harry ) Clay Baum, with whom he had always been close, he used to produce The Rose Lawn Home Journal.

At about the same time, Baum embarked upon his lifetime infatuation with the theater, a devotion which would repeatedly lead him to failure and near-bankruptcy.

In 1880, his father built him a theatre in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them.

He used the same actors ( Warren Oates, L. Q. Jones, R. G. Armstrong, James Coburn, Ben Johnson, and Kris Kristofferson ), and collaborators ( Jerry Fielding, Lucien Ballard, Gordon Dawson, and Martin Baum ) in many of his films, and several of his friends and assistants stuck by him to the end of his life.

Baum sent a message to Burgoyne following the first contact indicating that the American force was larger than expected, but that it was likely to retreat before him.

On August 14, Baum asked Burgoyne for reinforcements but assured his army commander that his opponents would not give him much trouble.

At 19, Crosby's manager / ex-girlfriend Sakina Sati took him to New York, along with ex-members Daniel Alva and Stephen Garver, for the purpose of shopping his demo tapes through Shiva Baum, former manager for Opiate for the Masses, and a bidding war broke out ; he then signed with Elektra.

In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) by L. Frank Baum, a lumberjack's cursed axe chopped all his limbs one by one, and each time a limb was cut off, a smith made him a mechanical one, finally making him a torso and a head, thus turning him into the Tin Woodman, an entirely mechanical being, albeit possessing the consciousness of the lumberjack he once was.

United Artists agreed to pay Peckinpah to write the script but he told Baum that he did not want any money for it because he owed him one.

Peckinpah told Baum that if United Artists liked the script then they could pay him.

Baum had intended to cease writing Oz stories with this book, but financial pressures prompted him to write and publish The Patchwork Girl of Oz, with seven other Oz books to follow.

Hank knows right away that he is in Oz because his mother, Dorothy Gale-Stover, had been there back in 1890 and later told him ( and L. Frank Baum ) of her experiences.

Nelson was later quoted as having said that Baum had him " cold " and couldn't understand why he hadn't fired.

* L. Frank Baum wrote of Little Boy Blue in his Mother Goose in Prose, depicting him as genuinely overworked supporting himself and his widowed mother.

After Denslow quarreled with Baum over royalty shares from the 1902 stage adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, for which Baum wrote the script and Denslow designed the sets and costumes, Baum determined not to work with him again.

While Baum presented Oz as fiction in some of his forewords such as that of the first book, in other books he presented it as a true account related to him by those involved.

If Baum thought of the country of the Munchkins as the nearest region to him, it would have been in the east while he lived in Chicago, but when he moved to California, it would have been in the west.

When he next appears in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz as the prosecutor in Ozma's court, Baum seemingly decided to portray him as more pompous and arrogant, and decidedly unlikeable.

Baum was using him as a mocking of arrogance found in scholars ( and also lawyers ).

Baum, however, strongly hints that the fear of eggs is unjustified, as the Scarecrow repeatedly pelts him with eggs at the end of the novel, causing him no apparent harm beyond stress enough to allow Dorothy Gale to remove his Magic Belt.