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) A polyphyletic group is any group other than a monophyletic group or a paraphyletic group, which like a paraphyletic group contains only some of the descendants of their closest common ancestor, but unlike a paraphyletic group is not characterized by the missing descendants forming one ( or more ) monophyletic groups.
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polyphyletic and group
Algae constitute a paraphyletic and polyphyletic group, as they do not include all the descendants of the last universal ancestor nor do they all descend from a common algal ancestor, although their plastids seem to have a single origin.
They were considered a suborder of the primitive ungulate mammals and have since been shown to represent a polyphyletic group.
Slime molds, as a group, are polyphyletic.
It was subsequently realized that Edentata was polyphyletic — that it contained not just an exclusive group of families and was subsequently split up to reflect their true phylogeny.
It is currently thought that the sharks form a polyphyletic group: some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks.
He also suggested that machaeridians might be polyphyletic, but machaerdians are a well defined group with a number of shared characters and morphological gradations between all three families.
The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage.
Formerly a taxonomic group of basidiomycetes, now understood as polyphyletic assemblage of basidiomycetes, the term refers to fungi with fruit bodies whose hymenophore develops either not enclosed or only so with a veil ( velum ), which is called a gymnocarpic or hemiangiocarpic ontogeny, respectively.
Snails that respire using a lung belong to the group Pulmonata, while those with gills form a polyphyletic group ; in other words, snails with gills form a number of taxonomic groups that are not necessarily more closely related to each other than they are related to some other groups.
Whenever monophyly has not been tested, or is known to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the term " group " or " informal group " has been used.
Old World vultures are probably a polyphyletic group within Accipitridae, with Palm-nut Vulture, Egyptian Vulture and Lammergeier separate from the others.
Molecular phylogenetics reveals that they form a polyphyletic group and could see a split into several new phyla.
Masdevallia was found to be polyphyletic and the taxonomy of the group is unresolved but the currently accepted taxonomy proceeds as follows:
The fulvettas ( Alcippe ), Timaliidae, Aves ): a polyphyletic group.
The fulvettas ( Alcippe ), Timaliidae, Aves ): a polyphyletic group.
h ) A miscellaneous and likely polyphyletic group of unplaced " tanager-finches " ( which may or may not include the species called Tanager-finch ) whose members when studied will no doubt be relocated to other clades:
But some questions remained, mainly because the white-eyes are all very similar birds in habitus and habits, while the Old World babblers are very diverse ( because, as we now know, the group as formerly defined was polyphyletic ).
polyphyletic and is
As amoebas themselves are polyphyletic and subject to some imprecision in definition, the term " amoeboid " does not provide identification of an organism, and is better understood as description of locomotion.
The subfamilial and tribal classification for the family is currently in a state of flux, with many of the groups being found to be grossly paraphyletic / polyphyletic.
Recent phylogenetic work has shown that Lamiales is polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales.
A taxon that is not paraphyletic or monophyletic is polyphyletic ( Greek πολύς, " many ").
The family as presently defined is polyphyletic, including several unrelated lineages whose similarities are based upon their shared association with figs ; efforts are underway to resolve the matter, and remove a number of constituent groups to other families, particularly the Pteromalidae and Torymidae.
Extensive xeromorph adaptations in all probability evolved several times ; it is not known if the common ancestor of the cactus-like Rhizanthium and Euphorbia lineages was xeromorphic — in which case a more normal morphology would have re-evolved namely in Chamaesyce — or whether extensive xeromorphism is entirely polyphyletic even to the level of the subgenera.
Recent molecular phylogenies have shown that this large pantropical genus is polyphyletic and some believe it should be divided again into several genera, though these would probably not correspond with the previously recognized genera.
Until the twenty-first century most gulls were placed in the genus Larus, but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of several genera.
Until recently, most gulls were placed in the genus Larus, but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of the genera Ichthyaetus, Chroicocephalus, Leucophaeus, Saundersilarus and Hydrocoloeus.
However mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data suggests that the White Wagtail is itself polyphyletic or paraphyletic ( i. e. the species is not itself a single coherent grouping ).
Until about 2005 – 2007, most gulls were placed in this genus, but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of the genera Ichthyaetus, Chroicocephalus, Leucophaeus, and Hydrocoloeus ( this last had been recognized more often than the other genera ) for several species traditionally included in Larus.
The Cronquist circumscription of Ranunculales is now known to be polyphyletic.
The list is polyphyletic and the species commonly called badgers do not, if the stink badgers are included, form a valid clade.
The group of " warm-blooded animals " is polyphyletic.
A polyphyletic ( Greek for " of many races ") group is one characterized by one or more homoplasies: character states which have converged or reverted so as to appear to be the same but which have not been inherited from common ancestors.
For example, the group consisting of warm-blooded animals is polyphyletic, because it contains both mammals and birds, but the most recent common ancestor of mammals and birds was cold-blooded.
polyphyletic and other
It appears as if the yuhinas are polyphyletic, with the White-collared Yuhina being closer to the ancestor of the Zosterops white-eyes than to other yuhinas including the species moved from Stachyris ( Cibois et al.
On the other hand, polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups are always defined in terms of clades, for example " reptiles are the amniote clade, minus the bird and mammal clades ".
Because polyphyletic and paraphyletic groups are defined in terms of clades plus or minus other clades, they are considered less fundamental than monophyletic ( single, whole ) clades.
A 2002 study of the molecular phylogeny of the agarics indicates that the genus Psilocybe as presently defined is polyphyletic, falling into two distinct clades that are not directly related to each other.
However, the two supposed Alucitoidea families may be polyphyletic with regard to each other, and Tineodidae better included in Alucitidae.
As with some other babblers, this genus has turned out to be highly polyphyletic.
The genus is polyphyletic, with different species being related to species in Glycine ( which includes soybean ), Amphicarpaea, Nogra, Teyleria, Neonotonia, Pseudovigna, Pseudeminia, Pachyrhizus ( which includes Jícama ), and other genera of the tribe Phaseoleae.
It is currently thought that the sharks form a polyphyletic group: in particular, some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks.
Phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that this broadly defined Loganiaceae was a polyphyletic assemblage, and numerous genera have been removed from Loganiaceae to other families ( sometimes in other orders ), e. g., Gentianaceae, Gelsemiaceae, Plocospermataceae, Tetrachondraceae, Buddlejaceae, and Gesneriaceae.
Carnosauria has traditionally been used as a dumping ground for all large theropods, but analysis in the 1980s and 1990s revealed that other than size, the group shared very few characteristics, making it polyphyletic.
The Clostridia ( sulfite-reducing bacteria ) are a highly polyphyletic class of Firmicutes, including Clostridium and other similar genera.
This raises the possibility that Condylarthra itself is polyphyletic: the several condylarth groups may not be closely related to each other at all.
Molecular phylogenies based on the examination of ribosomal DNA, have shown that Sarcodina is a polyphyletic grouping: that some amoeboids shared a more recent common ancestor with members of other phyla than with other Sarcodina.
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