Kierkegaard argues that the cogito already pre-supposes the existence of " I ", and therefore concluding with existence is logically trivial.

Kierkegaard argues that the value of the cogito is not its logical argument, but its psychological appeal: a thought must have something that exists to think the thought.

Where Hegel argues that an ultimate understanding of the logical structure of the world is an understanding of the logical structure of God's mind, Kierkegaard asserting that for God reality can be a system but it cannot be so for any human individual because both reality and humans are incomplete and all philosophical systems imply completeness.

Kierkegaard argues that individuals who can overcome the levelling process are stronger for it and that it represents a step in the right direction towards " becoming a true self.

Kierkegaard argues that Hegel's philosophy dehumanized life by denying personal freedom and choice through the neutralization of the ' either / or '.

Walter Kaufmann argues in From Shakespeare to Existentialism that, though Jaspers was certainly indebted to Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, he was closest to Kant's philosophy.

Van der Leeuw argues that this concept of religious dread is also present in Kierkegaard ’ s work on Angst and in Heidegger ’ s statement that “ what arouses dread is ‘ being in the world ’ itself ”.

So, the influence of Greek literature exceeded literature proper and also hit, for instance, philosophy ( like in the thought of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche ) and psychology ( like in the theories of Sigmund Freud ).

Søren Kierkegaard questioned the existence of God, rejecting all rational arguments for God's existence ( including the teleological argument ) on the grounds that reason is inevitably accompanied by doubt.

The most controversial part of The End of Memory is Volf ’ s sustained theological argument, developed in dialogue with Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Søren Kierkegaard, that remembering wrongs suffered and committed, if done rightly, will ultimately result in non-remembrance of the wrongdoing.

A few ( perhaps Kierkegaard ) accept the argument that belief in God is irrational, see that as a virtue, and accept some sort of fideism.

Where the animal is a slave to its instincts but always conscious in its own actions, Kierkegaard believed that the freedom given to people leaves the human in a constant fear of failing his / her responsibilities to God.

For Kierkegaard, Descartes is merely " developing the content of a concept ", namely that the " I ", which already exists, thinks.

Søren Kierkegaard, generally considered to be the first existentialist philosopher, posited that it is the individual who is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and for living life passionately and sincerely (" authentically ").

In Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard writes that: "... to be able to fall down in such a way that the same second it looks as if one were standing and walking, to transform the leap of life into a walk, absolutely to express the sublime and the pedestrian -- that only these knights of faith can do -- this is the one and only prodigy.

A taste for paradox is central to the philosophies of Laozi, Heraclitus, Meister Eckhart, Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche, among many others.

Absurdism itself is a branch of the traditional assertions of existentialism, pioneered by Søren Kierkegaard, and posits that, while inherent meaning might very well exist in the universe, human beings are incapable of finding it due to some form of mental or philosophical limitation.

He also defines the term “ skepticism ” as he uses it and identifies two types of skeptic, the Apollonian, who is “ committed to clarity and rationality ” and the Dionysian, who is “ committed to passion and instinct .” William James, Bertrand Russell, and Friedrich Nietzsche exemplify the Apollonian skeptic, Carroll says, and Charles Sanders Peirce, Tertullian, Søren Kierkegaard, and Blaise Pascal are Dionysian skeptics.

The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, following Hume and Johann Georg Hamann, a Humean scholar, agrees with Hume's definition of a miracle as a transgression of a law of nature, but Kierkegaard, writing as his pseudonym Johannes Climacus, regards any historical reports to be less than certain, including historical reports of such miracle transgressions, as all historical knowledge is always doubtful and open to approximation.

Søren Kierkegaard ( a Danish philosopher ) is frequently included in surveys of German ( or Germanic ) philosophy due to his extensive engagement with German thinkers.

Møller is perhaps best known for relationship with Søren Kierkegaard.

There is also significant common ground between the philosophical views of Møller and Kierkegaard, in large part due to Møller's tutelage.

It is generally believed that Møller had a maieutic relationship with Kierkegaard, hence Kierkegaard's description of Møller as, “ the confidant of Socrates ”.

Existentialism as a philosophical movement is properly a 20th-century movement, but its major antecedents, Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche wrote long before the rise of existentialism.

Absurdism is very closely related to existentialism and nihilism and has its origins in the 19th century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, who chose to confront the crisis humans faced with the Absurd by developing existentialist philosophy.

Published in two volumes in 1843, Either / Or ( original Danish title: Enten ‒ Eller ) is an influential book written by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, exploring the aesthetic and ethical " phases " or " stages " of existence.

He extended the concept of subject to the dimension of history and concrete existence, which he found prefigured in such Christian thinkers as Saint Paul, Augustine of Hippo, Luther, and Kierkegaard.

Heidegger's concepts of anxiety ( Angst ) and mortality draw on Kierkegaard and are indebted to the way in which the latter lays out the importance of our subjective relation to truth, our existence in the face of death, the temporality of existence, and the importance of passionate affirmation of one's individual being-in-the-world.

Kierkegaard says, " Infinite resignation is the last stage before faith, so anyone who has not made this movement does not have faith, for only in infinite resignation does an individual become conscious of his eternal validity, and only then can one speak of grasping existence by virtue of faith.

Hans Martensen, a contemporary of Kierkegaard ’ s, has this to say about his ideas, “" Existence ," " the individual, " will ," " subjectivity ," " unmitigated selfishness ," " the paradox ," " faith ," " scandal ," " happy and unhappy love ," — by these and kindred categories of existence Kierkegaard appears intoxicated, nay, thrown as it were into a state of ecstasy.

Kierkegaard proposed that each person must make independent choices, which then constitute his or her existence.

Kierkegaard uses this value / virtue to understand the existence and relationship of the individual Christian.

But for Kierkegaard “ all coming into existence takes place in freedom .” The disciple freely chooses to follow Christ when the Holy Spirit convinces him that he's a sinner.

Kierkegaard says God comes into existence again and again for each single individual.

In contrast with the philosopher Kierkegaard, Heidegger wanted to explore the problem of Dasein existentially ( existenzial ), rather than existentielly ( existenziell ) because Heidegger argued Kierkegaard had already described the latter with " penetrating fashion ".

This account was published after Regine's death in 1904 as Kierkegaardian Papers: The Engagement ; Published on Behalf of Mrs. Regine Schlegel, but in general scholars concede that it offers little information that wasn't already known through Kierkegaard and other sources.

" Kierkegaard had already asked about truth 9 days earlier when he published Three Upbuilding Discourses.

Kierkegaard says " Faith, self-active, relates itself to the improbable and the paradox, is self-active in discovering it and in holding it fast at every moment-in order to be able to believe.

The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, in The Concept of Anxiety, described anxiety or dread associated with the " dizziness of freedom " and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing.

Note however that Kierkegaard's meaning of " nihilism " differs from the modern definition in the sense that, for Kierkegaard, levelling led to a life lacking meaning, purpose or value, whereas the modern interpretation of nihilism posits that there was never any meaning, purpose or value to begin with.

Søren Kierkegaard, for example, writes, in the Philosophical Fragments, that

Leaving gymnasium to study philosophy, psychology and sociology at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt, Adorno continued his readings with Kracauer, turning now to Hegel and Kierkegaard, and began publishing concert reviews and pieces of music for distinguished journals like the Zeitschrift für Musik, the Neue Blätter für Kunst und Literatur and later for the Musikblätter des Anbruch.

Yet when Adorno turned his attention to Kierkegaard, watchwords like " anxiety ," " inwardness " and " leap "— instructive for existentialist philosophy — were detached from their theological origins and posed, instead, as problems for aesthetics.

Some are of the same type as the ancient epitome, such as various epitomes of the Summa Theologiae of St Thomas Aquinas-originally written as an introductory textbook in theology, and now accessible to very few, except for the learned in theology and Aristotelian philosophy-such as A Summa of the Summa and A Shorter Summa: many epitomes today are published under the general title, " The Companion to ...", such as The Oxford Companion to Aristotle or " An Overview of " or " guides ", such as An Overview of the Thought of Immanuel Kant, How to Read Hans Urs von Balthasar, or, in some cases, as an introduction, in the cases of An Introduction to Søren Kierkegaard or A Very Short Introduction to the New Testament ( many philosophical " introductions " and " guides " share the epitomic form, unlike general " introductions " to a field ).

Six years after Møller's death, Kierkegaard dedicated his work The Concept of Anxiety to him with remarks which were unusually personal for Kierkegaard.

** Robert Shaw ( conductor ) & the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Barber: Prayers of Kierkegaard / Vaughan Williams: Dona Nobis Pacem / Bartók: Cantata Profana

** James Mallinson ( producer ), Robert Shaw ( conductor ) & the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Barber: Prayers of Kierkegaard / Vaughan Williams: Dona Nobis Pacem / Bartók: Cantata Profana

** Jack Renner ( engineer ), Robert Shaw ( conductor ) & the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Barber: Prayers of Kierkegaard / Vaughan Williams: Dona Nobis Pacem / Bartók: Cantata Profana

The lectures turned out to be a disappointment for many in Schelling's audience, including Mikhail Bakunin and Friedrich Engels, and Kierkegaard described it as " unbearable nonsense ".

During his stay, Kierkegaard worked on the manuscript for Either / Or, took daily lessons to perfect his German and attended operas and plays, particularly by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Along with Zorrilla's work ( still performed every year on November 2nd throughout the Spanish-speaking world ), arguably the best known version is Don Giovanni, an opera composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart with libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte, first performed in Prague in 1787 ( with Giacomo Casanova probably in the audience ) and itself the source of inspiration for works by E. T. A. Hoffmann, Alexander Pushkin, Søren Kierkegaard, George Bernard Shaw and Albert Camus.