The corporation ceased operations around 1847 and sold the turnpike to Essex County in the early 1850s.

For example, it is estimated that from 1847 to 1859, the average mortality for coolies aboard ships to Cuba was 15. 2 percent, and losses among those aboard ships to Peru were 40 percent in the 1850s and 30. 44 percent from 1860 to 1863.

1840s – 1850s ), Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Maldon 1847 – 1852, for Harwich 1852 – 1856

The Jenny Lind locomotive, designed by David Joy and built in 1847 for the London Brighton and South Coast Railway by the E. B. Wilson and Company of Leeds, became the basis of hundreds of similar passenger locomotives built during the 1840s and 1850s by this and other manufacturers for UK railways.

* The State Emigrant Refuge, a hospital for sick and destitute immigrants, opened in 1847, the biggest hospital complex in the world during the 1850s.

The style was popular across Scotland and was applied to many relatively modest dwellings by architects such as William Burn ( 1789 – 1870 ), David Bryce ( 1803 – 76 ), Edward Blore ( 1787 – 1879 ), Edward Calvert ( c. 1847 – 1914 ) and Robert Stodart Lorimer ( 1864 – 1929 ) and in urban contexts, including the building of Cockburn Street in Edinburgh ( from the 1850s ) as well as the National Wallace Monument at Stirling ( 1859 – 69 ).

The barge and canal system contended favorably with the railways in the early industrial revolution prior to around the 1850s – 1960s for example, the Erie Canal in New York State is credited by economic historians with giving the growth boost needed for New York City to eclipse Philadelphia as America's largest port and city but such canal systems with their locks, need for maintenance and dredging, pumps and sanitary issues were eventually outcompeted in the carriage of high-value items by the railways due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of Rail transport.

" Clipper Ship Lightning ( clipper ) | Lightning " – an American clipper ship of the 1850s

Hornet ( clipper ) | Hornet – an American clipper ship of the 1850s

The same year that Booth's father married Holmes ( 1851 ), he built Tudor Hall on the Harford County property as the family's summer home, while also maintaining a winter residence on Exeter Street in Baltimore in the 1840s – 1850s.

: Note: Sometimes the ' 50s is used as shorthand for the 1950s, the 1850s, or other such decades in various centuries – see List of decades

In California and some other states, domestic water towers enclosed by siding ( tankhouses ) were once built ( 1850s – 1930s ) to supply individual homes ; windmills pumped water from hand-dug wells up into the tank.

Economic upturns in the 1850s and 1860s saw smaller booms in railway construction, but these never reached anywhere near the scale of the Mania – partly due to more thoughtful ( if still very limited ) government control, partly due to more cautious investors and partly because the UK railway network was approaching maturity, with none of the ' blank canvas ' available to numerous companies as in the 1840s.

He is remembered for his nearly 100 operettas of the 1850s – 1870s and his uncompleted opera The Tales of Hoffmann.

* Chang and Eng Bunker ( 1811 – 1874 ), Siamese twins, who were a popular attraction in Asia, Europe, and North America in the nineteenth century, settled in Wilkes County in the 1850s, married two local sisters, and between them fathered 21 children.

It replaced an earlier chapel constructed in the late 1850s that was razed by Union troops during the winter months of 1864 – 1865 near the end of the Civil War.

Sweetwater was established in the 1850s on a series of lots sold by Isaac Lenoir ( 1807 – 1875 ), a local politician and son of the founder of Lenoir City ( located a few miles to the northeast in Loudon County ).

Attempts at fusing the Chancery with the common law courts began in the 1850s, and finally succeeded with the 1873 and 1875 Supreme Court of Judicature Acts, which dissolved the Chancery and created a new unified High Court of Justice, with the Chancery Division – one of three divisions of the High Court – succeeding the Court of Chancery as an equitable body.

Veuillot during the 1850s. Louis Veuillot ( October 11, 1813 – March 7, 1883 ) was a French journalist and author who helped to popularize ultramontanism ( a philosophy favoring Papal supremacy ).

Thanks to the historic “ Dart Elevator ” ( operational on 1 June 1843 ), which worked almost seven times faster than its non-mechanized predecessors, Buffalo was able to keep pace with – and thus further stimulate – the incredible growth of American agricultural production in the 1840s and 1850s, but especially after the Civil War, with the coming of the railroads.

* Horace Smith ( 1808 – 1893 ), partnered with Daniel B. Wesson in Norwich in the early 1850s to develop the first repeating rifle, known as the Volcanic rifle.

* Charles John Taylor ( 1826 – 1897 ), New Zealand politician of the 1850s

** " Free labor, wage labor, and the slave power: republicanism and the Republican party in the 1850s ", in Melvyn Stokes and Stephen Conway ( eds ), The Market Revolution in America: Social, Political and Religious Expressions, 1800 – 1880, pp. 128 – 46.

* Sardar Homayoun ( 1850s – 1930s )

This incident, which illustrates the tensions that existed between the Jewish and Christian populations of Syria, was notable for being an exception to the rule of Jewish-Muslim relations which during the Tanzimat era in the Ottoman Empire ( 1839 – 1920 ) were generally much better than Christian-Muslim relations due particularly to the economic ascendancy afforded to the Christian community with the relaxation and eventual elimination of the dhimmi status rules in the 1850s.

* Santiago Méndez Ibarra 5 terms, 1840s – 1850s

Edward Vaughan Hyde Kenealy QC ( 1819 – 1880 )., was an Irish born barrister, writer and poet who lived in Wellington Road, Portslade with his wife and eleven children from the 1850s until the mid 1870's.

Significant surveys were conducted throughout the 1830s – 1850s.

The VFA was formed in 1877, immediately after the foundation of a similar body in South Australia and is the second-oldest Australian rules football league, replacing the loose affiliation of clubs that had been the hallmark of the early years of a game which was first played as early as 1850s.

The six houses created in 1909 were: School House, for boarders, ( which, due to common usage, changed to Whiteladies, as this was the building in which the boarders lived ); Temple ( after Henry Temple, headmaster 1850s ); Tudor ( after Elizabeth I ); Woolfe ( after Richard Woolfe, benefactor 1877 ); Wylde ( after Thomas Wylde, benefactor 1558 ); and Yewle ( after Robert Yewle, Six Master 1561 ). In 1963 two additional houses were created by the then headmaster Godfrey Brown, namely Langley ( after William Langley, Six Master 1561 ) and Moore ( after John Moore, benefactor 1626 ).

* Jack McCall ( 1850s – 1877 ), U. S. outlaw

Théophile Bidard ( 11 March 1804, Rennes – 23 October 1877 ) was a well-known law professor in Rennes, France during the 1840s and 1850s.

Hayes operated across the breadth of the Pacific in the 1850s until his murder on 31 March 1877 by his cook Peter Radeck, or " Dutch Pete ".

Many examples are based on locations in London and, in all likelihood, will be meaningless to people unfamiliar with the capital e. g. " Peckham Rye ", meaning " tie " ( as in necktie ), which dates from the late 19th century ; " Hampstead Heath ", meaning " teeth " ( usually as " Hampsteads ”), which was first recorded in 1887 and " Barnet Fair ", meaning " hair ", which dates from the 1850s.

When the First Transcontinental Railroad was proposed in the 1850s, Atchison called for it to be built along the central route ( from St. Louis through Missouri, Kansas, and Utah ), rather the southern route ( from New Orleans through Texas and New Mexico ).

The three most popular lagoons are Laguna Ojo de Liebre ( formerly known in English as Scammon's Lagoon after whaleman Charles Melville Scammon, who discovered the lagoons in the 1850s and hunted the grays ), San Ignacio, and Magdalena.

Although the proposal was ridiculed and came to nothing ( and would almost certainly have failed if it had been built, due to the shortcomings of the technology proposed ), Pearson continued to lobby for a variety of railway schemes throughout the 1840s and 1850s.

“... The English home closed up and darkened over the decade ( 1850s ), the cult of domesticity matched by a cult of privacy .” Bourgeois existence was a world of interior space, heavily curtained off and wary of intrusion, and opened only by invitation for viewing on occasions such as parties or teas.

In the late 1850s four boarding houses were planned ( but only three built, namely A, B and C ), to be headed by housemasters: the plan, since dropped, was to increase the number of scholars to 100 so that there would be " College ", " Commoners " and " Houses " consisting of 100 pupils each.

mediatisation ), but the extent of their autonomy was drastically curtailed by King Mswati II, who attacked and subdued some of the clans in the 1850s.

* Tyler Anbinder Nativisim & Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings & the Politics of the 1850s ( New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 ), p. 72, 195, passim 241, 268, 274.

By the 1850s the Press was using steam-powered machine presses, employing two to three hundred people, and occupying several buildings in the Silver Street and Mill Lane area, including the one that the Press still occupies, the Pitt Building ( 1833 ), which was built specifically for the Press and in honour of William Pitt the Younger.

Dybeck himself originally wrote the beginning as " Du gamla, Du friska " ( Thou ancient, Thou hale ), but in the late 1850s personally changed the lyrics to " Du gamla, Du fria " ( Thou ancient, Thou free ).

Along Finchley Road were a number of villas ( c. 1830s ), joined by the Royal Oak public house ( c. 1850s ).

Usually autumnal and often bleakly unpicturesque, they evoke a mood of melancholy and sense of transience that recalls his cycle-of-nature paintings of the later 1850s, especially Autumn Leaves ( Manchester Art Gallery ) and The Vale Of Rest ( Tate Britain ), though with little or no direct symbolism or human activity to point to their meaning.

Production increased over the years in response to the needs of the U. S. military for gunpowder during the Mexican War ( 1846-1848 ), demand for blasting powder during the California gold rush of 1849, and the Crimean War ( 1850s ), when the Hazard Powder Company supplied both Britain and Russia with gunpowder, shipping a total of 500 tons to Britain.

The grant boundaries shown in 1874 maps differ from those of 1850s maps by showing a parcel of ungranted " state land " on the western edge of this grant ( and north of Dix's Grant ), and another " Dartmouth College Grant " to the west of that ( later annexed to the eastern edge of Clarksville ).

* William H. Carpenter ( 1821-1885 ), Fleming postmaster in the 1850s and later U. S. Consul to Foochow, China, 1861-1865

By the 1850s, the slack water system of locks and dams had been developed by the Monongahela Navigation Company ( later acquired by the Army Corp of Engineers ), allowing for year-round travel to and from Pittsburgh to the Greensboro area.

Chief Kanosh ( 1812 ?- 1884 ), was the leader of the Pahvant Utes from the 1850s until the time of his death.

He is best known for Wanderjahre in Italien, his account of the walks he took through Italy in the 1850s, and the monumental Die Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter ( History of Rome in the Middle Ages ), a classic for Medieval and early Renaissance history.

* Bluestone quarry ( 1850s name ), later known as Greenmount Quarry ( 1850s to 1920s ), at Greenmount Hill on the west side of Greenmount National Park.