In some situations it may occur after palatalised consonants ( e. g.: синьый " blue ", which is never the case in Russian ), and often follows ⟨ к ⟩, ⟨ г ⟩, ⟨ ґ ⟩ and ⟨ х ⟩.

An example is modern Greek which may write the phoneme in six different ways: ⟨ ι ⟩, ⟨ η ⟩, ⟨ υ ⟩, ⟨ ει ⟩, ⟨ οι ⟩, and ⟨ υι ⟩ ( although the last is rare ).

For example, the word cat consists of three letters ⟨ c ⟩, ⟨ a ⟩, and ⟨ t ⟩, in which ⟨ c ⟩ represents the sound, ⟨ a ⟩ the sound, and ⟨ t ⟩ the sound.

Thus, in the word ship ( pronounced ), the digraph ⟨ sh ⟩ ( two letters ) represents the sound.

Meanwhile, the yat in Ukrainian usually merged in sound with ( see below ), and therefore has remained distinct from ⟨ е ⟩.

In Ukrainian and Belarusian, the sound is represented by another letter ⟨ і ⟩, sometimes called Ukrainian I, removed from the modern Russian alphabet.

Ukrainian and Belarusian ⟨ і ⟩ sounds like Russian ⟨ и ⟩,

but a clearly distinct sound is represented by ⟨ и ⟩ in Ukrainian, which only slightly differs from Russian ⟨ ы ⟩ and perceived as ⟨ ы ⟩ by a Russian speaker.

The letter ⟨ и ⟩ is the eleventh letter of the Ukrainian alphabet.

It is transliterated from Russian as ⟨ i ⟩, or from Ukrainian as ⟨ y ⟩ or ⟨ i ⟩, depending on romanization systems.

The original name of ⟨ й ⟩ was I s kratkoy (' I with the short '), later I kratkoye (' short I ') in Russian, similarly I kratko in Bulgarian, but Yot in Ukrainian.

* cluster ⟨ дз ⟩ can be pronounced ( mostly in Ukrainian and Belarusian ) as the voiced alveolar affricate ( Ukrainian дзеркало “ mirror ”) or its palatalized form ( Belarusian гадзіннік “ clock ”), but if ⟨ д ⟩ and ⟨ з ⟩ belong to different morphemes, then they are pronounced separately.

In Russian, it represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative, similar to the pronunciation of ⟨ sh ⟩ in sheep ( but longer ); in Ukrainian and Rusyn it represents the consonant cluster ; and in Bulgarian, it represents the consonant cluster.

In the Ukrainian alphabet, the sound ( similar to Russian ⟨ ы ⟩) is denoted by ⟨ и ⟩, and the letter ⟨ ы ⟩ is not used in Ukrainian.

Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages have additional ⟨ и ⟩- based letters, like ⟨⟩ or ⟨⟩.

In addition to the Serbo-Croatian standard, the proposal introduced two additional letters, ⟨ ś ⟩ and ⟨ ź ⟩, to replace the digraphs ⟨ sj ⟩ and ⟨ zj ⟩.

The most common example is the letter ⟨ x ⟩ which normally represents the consonant cluster ( for example, in the word ex-wife, pronounced ).

For example, when representing a vowel, the letter ⟨ y ⟩ in non-word-final positions, represents the sound in some words borrowed from Greek ( reflecting an original upsilon ), whereas the letter usually representing this sound in non-Greek words is the letter ⟨ i ⟩.

However, they are distinguished from each other orthographically by the addition of the letter ⟨ h ⟩.

For instance the letter ⟨ e ⟩ in the word cottage indicates that the preceding ⟨ g ⟩ is pronounced, rather than the more common value of ⟨ g ⟩ in word-final position as the sound, such as in tag.

The letter ⟨ e ⟩ also often marks an altered pronunciation of a preceding vowel.

For example, the letter ⟨ i ⟩ in the word cinema has a sound-representing function ( representing the sound ) and a pronunciation-marking function ( marking the ⟨ c ⟩ as having the value opposed to the value ).

Although the letter ⟨ t ⟩ is pronounced by some speakers with aspiration at the beginning of words, this is never indicated in the spelling, and, indeed, this phonetic detail is probably not noticeable to the average native speaker not trained in phonetics.

The letter ' G ' was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of ⟨ c ⟩ to distinguish voiced from voiceless.

" According to some records, the original seventh letter, ⟨ z ⟩, had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BC by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who found it distasteful and foreign.

The 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association recommends using 10px for advanced voiced velar plosives ( denoted by Latin small letter script G ) and 10px for regular ones where the two are contrasted, but this suggestion was never accepted by phoneticians in general, and today ⟨ 10px ⟩ is the symbol used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, with ⟨ 10px ⟩ acknowledged as an acceptable variant, and is more often used in printed materials.

In English, the letter represents either a voiced postalveolar affricate (" soft G "), as in giant, ginger, and geology ; a voiced velar plosive (" hard G "), as in goose, gargoyle, and game ; or, in the digraph ⟨ ng ⟩, either a velar nasal as in length or a blend of the latter with the hard G as in jungle ; or, in the digraph ⟨ dg ⟩ as in bridge.

⟨ gh ⟩ which came about when the letter yogh was removed from the alphabet, and took various values including,,, and.

Strictly speaking, the letter ⟨ g ⟩ is not present in other scripts, but the sound it represents is present in many world languages, and is represented by many different graphemes.

For example, the sound of the English letter ⟨ t ⟩ may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter,, or with a letter plus diacritics,, depending on how precise one wishes to be.

Some researchers such as Brengelman ( 1970 ), have suggested that, in addition to this marking of word origin, these spellings indicate a more formal level of style or register in a given text, although Rollins ( 2004 ) finds this point to be exaggerated as there would be many exceptions where a word with one of these spellings, such as ⟨ ph ⟩ for ( like telephone ), could occur in an informal text.

Words spelled with final ⟨ v ⟩ such as rev and Slav remain comparatively rare.

⟨ Gn ⟩ with value is also common in loanwords, as in lasagna ( though initially, as in gnome, the ⟨ g ⟩ is simply silent ).

In older Czech and Slovak orthographies, ⟨ g ⟩ was used to represent, while was written as ⟨ ǧ ⟩ ( g with caron ).

However in some languages a multigraph may be treated as a single unit for the purposes of collation ; for example, in a Czech dictionary, the section for words that start with ⟨ ch ⟩ comes after that for ⟨ h ⟩.

For example, the sound ( the sh in shoe ) was originally represented with the letter ⟨ c ⟩ in English, but with the letter ⟨ x ⟩ in French.

* Given a recursively enumerable set A of positive integers that has insoluble membership problem, ⟨ a, b, c, d | a < sup > n </ sup > ba < sup > n </ sup > = c < sup > n </ sup > dc < sup > n </ sup >: n ∈ A ⟩ is a finitely generated group with a recursively enumerable presentation whose word problem is insoluble

The letter ⟨ Χ ⟩ ~ ⟨ Ψ ⟩ for was a Greek addition to the alphabet, placed after the Semitic letters along with phi ⟨ Φ ⟩ for.

Both and are represented with ⟨ e ⟩.

Eventually, both velar consonants and developed palatalized allophones before front vowels ; consequently in today's Romance languages, ⟨ c ⟩ and ⟨ g ⟩ have different sound values depending on context.

While the soft value of ⟨ g ⟩ varies in different Romance languages ( in French and Portuguese, in Catalan, in Italian and Romanian, and in Castilian Spanish, and in other dialects of Spanish ), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft ⟨ g ⟩ has the same pronunciation as the ⟨ j ⟩.

⟨ Ll ⟩ is the most common in English, though it does not represent a different sound from ⟨ l ⟩, being essentially an etymological digraph.

Thus, a vacuum with ⟨ θ ⟩= 0 will shift to a different vacuum with ⟨ θ ⟩=− ε.

( The letter sigma ⟨ Σ ⟩ has two different lowercase forms, ⟨ σ ⟩ and ⟨ ς ⟩, with ⟨ ς ⟩ being used in word-final position and ⟨ σ ⟩ elsewhere.