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** 98 californium Cf
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** 98. californium, Cf, named after the state of California, where the university is located ( 1950 ).
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98 and californium
Similar to the nearly simultaneous discovery of americium ( element 95 ) and curium ( element 96 ) in 1944, the new elements berkelium and californium ( element 98 ) were both produced in 1949 – 1950.
The very heaviest elements ( those beyond californium, atomic number 98 ) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they do not occur in nature and have to be synthesized.
Ten of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43 ; promethium, number 61 ; astatine, number 85 ; francium, number 87 ; neptunium, number 93 ; plutonium, number 94 ; americium, number 95 ; curium, number 96 ; berkelium, number 97 ; and californium, number 98.
The very heaviest elements ( those beyond californium, atomic number 98 ) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they do not occur in nature and have to be synthesized.
However, when the research team synthesized element 98, they could not think of a good analogy for dysprosium, and instead named the element californium in honor of the state in which it was synthesized.
In experiments during 1949-1950, they produced and identified elements 97 ( berkelium ) and 98 ( californium ).
98 and Cf
californium and Cf
In October 2006, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory successfully created synthetically ununoctium ( Uuo ), the seventh element in group 18, by bombarding californium ( Cf ) with calcium ( Ca ).
The back end of the nuclear fuel cycle, mostly spent fuel rods, contains fission products that emit beta and gamma radiation, and actinides that emit alpha particles, such as uranium-234, neptunium-237, plutonium-238 and americium-241, and even sometimes some neutron emitters such as californium ( Cf ).
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