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** Crescentius of Rome
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Crescentius and Rome
Until the conclusion of the council of Pavia in 997, Gregory V had a rival in the person of the antipope John XVI ( 997 – 998 ), whom Crescentius II and the nobles of Rome had chosen against the will of the youthful Emperor Otto III, Gregory's cousin.
The power held by Sergius IV was often overshadowed by John Crescentius III, the ruler of the city of Rome at the time.
Otto III also sought to reestablish Imperial control over the city of Rome, which had revolted under the leadership of Crescentius II, and through it the papacy.
When the Empress Theophanu was in Rome between 989 and 991, Crescentius II nominally subordinated himself to her, though maintained his position as ruler of the city.
Otto III not only intended to be crowned Emperor but also to come to the aid of Pope John XV, who had been forced to flee Rome by the city's de facto ruler Crescentius II.
While Otto III was in Pavia, Crescentius II, fearing the king's march on Rome, reconciled with Otto III and agreed to accept his nominee as pope.
In particular, while Crescentius II was pardoned by Otto III, he was deprived of his title of Patricius but was permitted to live out his life in retirement at Rome.
At the time he mounted the papal chair, Crescentius II was Patrician of Rome, significantly hampering the pope's influence, but the presence of the Empress Theophanu, regent for her son, Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in Rome from 989 to 991 restrained Crescentius ' ambition.
During his whole pontificate he was allegedly subordinate to the head of the Crescentii clan who controlled Rome, the patricius ( an aristocratic military leader ) John Crescentius III.
The revolt of Crescentius II was decisively suppressed by Otto III, who marched once again upon Rome, in February 998.
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