** High serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein ( LDL, " bad if elevated concentrations and small "), and / or very low density lipoprotein ( VLDL ) particles, i. e., " lipoprotein subclass analysis "

** Low serum concentration of functioning high density lipoprotein ( HDL " protective if large and high enough " particles ), i. e., " lipoprotein subclass analysis "

** serum creatinine ≥ 2 times the upper limit of normal for age or 2-fold increase in baseline creatinine in patients with chronic kidney disease

** total serum bilirubin ≥ 4 mg / dl, OR

** can usually decrease serum calcium by 1 – 3 mg / dL within 24 h

** phosphate therapy can correct the hypophosphataemia in the face of hypercalcaemia and lower serum calcium

** Antiserum, blood serum with specific antibodies for passive immunity

** increased serum creatinine ( 1. 5 times upper limit of normal )

** HELLP is characterized by hemolysis on peripheral blood smear with serum lactate dehydrogenase > 600 IU / L ; serum aspartate aminotransferase > 70 IU / L ; and platelet count < 100, 000 / μL.

** Elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, in combination with severe abdominal pain, often trigger the initial diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.

** decreased serum Calcium

** lingual lipase.

** Amylase and lipase

** – acute accent ( Latin apex )

** – double acute accent

** Both large single exposures ( acute ) and continuous small exposures ( chronic ) are studied.

** Kodō Nomura, Japanese novelist and music critic, acute pneumonia ( b. 1882 )

** U. S. President Zachary Taylor is exhumed to discover whether or not his death was caused by arsenic poisoning, instead of acute gastrointestinal illness ; no trace of arsenic is found.

The problem is particularly acute for the exponentiation function < tt > pow ( x, y ) = x ** y </ tt >.

** Iküzöne ( 馬場育三, Baba Ikuzou ) died on April 21, 2012 due to acute heart failure, he was 46.

** the ratio of the arterial partial-pressure of oxygen to the fraction of oxygen in the gases inspired ( PaO < sub > 2 </ sub >/ FiO < sub > 2 </ sub >) < 300 ( the definition of acute lung injury ), OR

** Nursing, with concentrations in: acute care nurse practitioner, adult nursing, critical care nursing of the adult, family nurse practitioner, maternal child and family nursing, mental health / psychiatric, neonatal nurse practitioner, pediatric nurse practitioner, women ’ s health nurse practitioner

** Species: Betacoronavirus 1, Human coronavirus HKU1, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus Bat coronavirus HKU5, Rousettus Bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Tylonycteris Bat coronavirus HKU4

** Dieulafoy's triad, for acute appendicitis

** Severe acute hyperphosphataemia

** This is only appropriate if the hypocalcemia is acute and has occurred over a relatively short time frame.

** Following pericarditis associated with acute myocardial infarction

** Infectious mononucleosis is an acute viral infection, the hallmark of which is marked enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes.

** E. g., acute intermittent porphyria

** T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

** Ventricular septal rupture ( VSR ) vs acute mitral regurgitation

** Israeli acute paralysis virus

** It may be secondary to infections like Diphtheria, acute rheumatic fever, viral myocarditis.

** Infections such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, hepatitis, mesenteric adenitis, or a subdiaphragmatic abscess

** Pancreas pain ( pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, can radiate to the left side of the waist, back, and even shoulder )

** by pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer ;

** Necrotising pancreatitis

** Chronic pancreatitis with pain

** Can progress to choledocholithiasis ( gallstones in the bile duct ) and gallstone pancreatitis ( inflammation of the pancreas )

* Blood Investigations-Full blood count, Renal function tests, Liver Function, serum calcium, serum amylase and lipase, Arterial blood gas, Trypsin-Selective Test

: " It is usually not necessary to measure both serum amylase and lipase.

Serum lipase may be preferable because it remains normal in some nonpancreatic conditions that increase serum amylase including macroamylasemia, parotitis, and some carcinomas.

In general, serum lipase is thought to be more sensitive and specific than serum amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis "

Under extreme disruption of pancreatic function, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the pancreas may begin to autolyse and release pancreatic enzymes including pancreatic lipase into serum.

Thus, through measurement of serum concentration of pancreatic lipase, acute pancreatitis can be diagnosed.