Among Niépce's other inventions was the Pyréolophore, the world's first ' internal combustion engine ', which he conceived, created, and developed with his older brother Claude, finally receiving a patent on July 20, 1807 from the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, after successfully powering a boat upstream on the river Saône.

Napoleon also granted him the title ' Prince of Pontecorvo ', a town in central Italy.

This allowed for another kind of sketch: the staged ' historical drama ', which usually parodied genuine historical television plays or films ( such as Stalag 17, Antony and Cleopatra, or Napoleon and Josephine ).

As Austria and Prussia escaped the French ' exporting the revolution ', and Napoleon was happy to maintain satellite monarchies in most German territories under his control ( members of the Confederation of the Rhine ), the more democratic principles of the Enlightenment would have less effect in the German-speaking lands, or only much later.

He became master of ceremonies of the bands in which he worked early in his career – Napoleon Zyas's, Leroy Tibbs ', and Chick Webb's.

* Ben Weider's last interview with Carol Off of CBC Radio ' As It Happens ', discussing his multi-million dollar donation of Napoleon artifacts to the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, broadcast September 25, 2008 ( move time slider to 20 mins, 45 secs to start )

* Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, nicknamed ' Plon-plon ', Claimant ( 1879 – 1891 ); however, Eugène Bonapartes ' will excluded him from the succession in favor of his son Napoleon Victor, leading to fierce disputes.

Her mother asks her to look after the family's pet parrot, Napoleon, ' it's just for a couple of days ', but Beryl isn't happy-she doesn't want psittacosis.

There were hostile comments, at the start of May he commented to Lyell that he had " received in a Manchester Newspaper a rather a good squib, showing that I have proved ' might is right ', & therefore that Napoleon is right & every cheating Tradesman is also right ".

Napoleon and his mother, Laetitia, were taken out by ship in June 1793, by friends while two of the girls found refuge with other friends.

Furthermore, it has been established that a substantial portion of it was taken, without citation, from a 1864 satire on Napoleon III by one Maurice Joly ( his French language work, The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu )-so that it also constitutes plagiarism.

Saxony changed sides to support Napoleon and join his Confederation of the Rhine ; its elector was rewarded with the title of king and given a slice of Poland taken from Prussia.

French Emperor Napoleon III was taken prisoner and a republic hastily proclaimed in Paris.

Napoleon III was taken prisoner at Sedan and kept in Germany for a while in case Bismarck had need of him to head a puppet regime ; he later died in exile in England in 1873.

* Following his surrender to Captain Frederick Maitland of off Rochefort in 1815, Napoleon was taken to Plymouth Sound where he remained on board, 26 July – 4 August, while his future was decided.

The object of such games then may be closely tied to the number of tricks taken, as in plain-trick games such as Whist, Contract Bridge, Spades, Napoleon, Rowboat, and Spoil Five, or on the value of the cards contained in taken tricks, as in point-trick games such as Pinochle, the Tarot family, Rook, All Fours, Manille, Briscola, and most " evasion " games like Hearts.

Photograph of Nast by Napoleon Sarony, taken in Union Square ( New York City ) | Union Square, New York City

Grant, as commanding general, immediately had to contend with Maximilian of Mexico and the French army which had taken over Mexico under the authority of Napoleon III, which the Americans felt to be a violation of their Monroe Doctrine.

In 1812, the city was taken by Napoleon on his push towards Moscow, and again during the disastrous retreat.

While Napoleon has taken a short leave from the field — again stricken with stomach pain — Ney sees the movement and believes the British are retreating, and orders the French cavalry to advance on them.

By the next day, on 2 September, Napoleon III surrendered and was taken prisoner with 104, 000 of his soldiers.

Napoleon III was taken to Germany, and released later.

In total, Napoleon had taken only 19 days from beginning his attack on Prussia until knocking it out of the war with the capture of Berlin and the destruction of its principal armies at Jena and Auerstädt.

The engraving was modeled after a photograph taken by Napoleon Sarony in 1888.

The regency was only de jure, as all decisions were still taken by Napoleon and implemented by his most senior officials, including Lebrun, Joseph Bonaparte, Talleyrand and Savary.

The Monzesi asked for the restoration of all the treasures that Napoleon had taken from Monza.

From the time of his election as pope to the fall of Napoleon in 1815, Pius VII's reign was completely taken up in dealing with France.

Then on the fall of Napoleon he had all of his honours taken away, and he even excluded from the list of members of the reconstituted Institute.

Princess Alexandra is urged by her mother to accept Albert so that their family may regain a throne that was taken from them by Napoleon.

War against Napoleon had taken its toll of the country ; in 1803, the town formed a volunteer company to man guns in defence against attack from the French, and the blockade of 1808, preventing the Looe fleet from reaching their pilchard-fishing ground, put considerable pressure on the town.

After he refused to swear allegiance to Napoleon I of France ( 1804 – 14, 1815 ) he was taken to France, but following the defeat of France, he was, in 1816, made a Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Traspontina.

Napoleon went forward to see the situation from the former Russian front lines shortly after the redoubts had been taken.

First was the period of codification of existing law: the Code Napoleon in France and the peculiar codification that, in fact, resulted from Austin's restatement and ordering of the Common Law in England.

In 1815 he was commissioned by the Pope to superintend the transmission from Paris of those works of art which had formerly been conveyed thither under the direction of Napoleon.

She has referenced this independence from major labels in song more than once, including " The Million You Never Made " ( Not A Pretty Girl ), which discusses the act of turning down a lucrative contract, " The Next Big Thing " ( Not So Soft ), which describes an imagined meeting with a label head-hunter who evaluates the singer based on her looks, and " Napoleon " ( Dilate ), which sympathizes sarcastically with an unnamed friend who did sign with a label.

Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon entered Paris from the west with his bride Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed.

The battles that took place in the period between the departure of Napoleon from Elba to his final defeat at Waterloo are not included.

* 1809 – Two Austrian army corps are driven from Landshut by a First French Empire army led by Napoleon I of France as two French corps to the north hold off the main Austrian army on the first day of the Battle of Eckmühl.

Returning from Sardinia Napoleon with his family and all his supporters were instrumental in getting Paoli denounced at the National Convention in Paris in 1793.

Paoli was convicted in absentia, a warrant was sent for his arrest ( which could not be served ) and Napoleon was dispatched to Corsica as Inspector-general of Artillery to take the citadel of Ajaccio from the royalists, who had held it since 1789.

In 1869, Abdülaziz received visits from Eugénie de Montijo, Empress consort of Napoleon III of France and other foreign monarchs on their way to the opening of the Suez Canal.

One of the most famous involved star second baseman Napoleon Lajoie, who in 1901 went across town in Philadelphia from the National League Phillies to the American League Athletics.

The battle was the climax of a naval campaign that had ranged across the Mediterranean during the previous three months, as a large French convoy sailed from Toulon to Alexandria, carrying an expeditionary force under General Napoleon Bonaparte.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

* Napoleon II ( 1815 ), styled King of Rome from birth, but never reigned

Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with Napoleon I, he left the Prussian army and served in the Russian army from 1812 to 1813 during the Russian Campaign, including the Battle of Borodino.

He ordered Joachim Murat to bring the guns from the Sablons artillery park ; the Major and his cavalry fought their way to the recently captured cannon, and brought them back to Napoleon.

The new Volkssturm drew inspiration from the old Prussian Landsturm of 1813 – 15, that fought in the liberation wars against Napoleon, mainly as guerrilla forces.

Imprisoned after Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with yet another political regime upon his release, that of Napoleon I.

David had been an admirer of Napoleon from their first meeting, struck by the then-General Bonaparte's classical features.

Requesting a sitting from the busy and impatient general, David was able to sketch Napoleon in 1797.

He had plans of Notre Dame delivered and participants in the coronation came to his studio to pose individually, though never the Emperor ( the only time David obtained a sitting from Napoleon had been in 1797 ).

After which, the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old Reich by severing a good portion from the empire and turning it into a separate Confederation of the Rhine.

Napoleon's infant son, Napoleon II, was recognized by the Council of Peers, as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication, and therefore reigned ( as opposed to ruled ) as Emperor for fifteen days, 22 June to 7 July 1815.

* 1815 – Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.

The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search