The town and castle changed ownership for a period afterwards and were part of the Duchy of Saxony until 1192, of the County of Holstein until 1217 and part of Denmark until the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227.

The Finns and Estonians have changed their usage of the term Saxony over the centuries to denote the whole country of Germany ( Saksa and Saksanmaa respectively ) and the Germans ( saksalaiset and sakslased, respectively ) now.

On August 1, 2008, Saxony restructured its districts ( Landkreise ) and changed the name of its Regierungsbezirke to Direktionsbezirke.

Saxony changed sides, and Sweden and Russia neutralized each other ( Peace of Åbo, August 1743 ).

The structure of the castle was changed during the long reign of the Elector Augustus of Saxony ( 1553 – 1586 ), and the complex was reconstructed into a Renaissance style castle from 1577 to 1591, including the portions that were still in the gothic architectural style.

In 1877, it officially changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Saxony (), but this name was rarely used.

To protect and save his wife and sons, and to prevent Wittenberg from being destroyed, John Frederick conceded the Capitulation of Wittenberg, and, after having been compelled to resign the government of his country in favor of Maurice of Saxony, his condemnation was changed into imprisonment for life.

In the book Herbarz polski, he found a small note about a family " Nicki " belonging to the Radwan coat of arms, and conjectured that some Gotard Nietzsche had migrated from Poland to Prussia c. 1632, and that his descendant Christoph Nietzsche in 1706 had merely changed Prussia with Saxony.

However, for the present the efforts of Gustavus Adolphus prevented the elector from deserting him, but the position was changed by the death of the king at Lützen in 1632, and the refusal of Saxony to join the Protestant league under Swedish leadership.

Napoleon openly threatened to consider Saxony as enemy territory and treat it accordingly should Frederick Augustus change sides.

Almost at once he declared war upon the Swedes, but in October 1636 he was beaten at Wittstock ; and Saxony, ravaged impartially by both sides, was soon in a deplorable condition.

France and Saxony had been on opposing sides in the recent War of the Austrian Succession and thus the marriage between the Saxon princess and the Dauphin of France would form a new alliance between the two nations.

It is currently being developed with Government support at the Research Airport in Brunswick, Lower Saxony, Germany.

France and Spain, the two Bourbon powers, attempted to check the power of the Austrian Habsburgs in western Europe, as did the Kingdom of Prussia ; whilst in the East, Saxony and Russia mobilized to support the eventual Polish victor.

With his successes and failures in Saxony and Bavaria, Henry II's claims depended on him gaining support in the Duchy of Franconia ( which was a direct possession of the German kings ).

The support of Duke Albert II of Saxony and Elector Palatine Louis II had been purchased by betrothing them to two of Rudolph's daughters.

However, there was strong opposition from the estates of Saxony, not only because this expensive campaign was exhausting the finances of the Electorate of Saxony but also because they were not pleased at this support for the catholic Emperor, who had often proceeded harshly against Protestants in his own country.

In 1552 a number of insurgent Protestant Imperial princes around Elector Maurice of Saxony by the Treaty of Chambord ceded the Three Bishoprics to King Henry II of France in turn for his support.

On September 30, 1834 Semper obtained a post as Professor of Architecture at the Königlichen Akademie der bildenden Künste ( today called the Hochschule ) in Dresden thanks largely to the efforts and support of his former teacher Franz Christian Gau and swore an oath of allegiance to the King ( formerly Elector ) of Saxony, Anthony Clement.

First, Adolf succeeded in securing his acquisitions diplomatically and provoking the Margrave of Brandenburg toward active support and the Archbishop of Mainz and the Duke of Saxony toward at least acquiescence of the purchase.

Strasbourg's political ties with the Elector of Saxony, and Bucer's partial theological support of Luther, became too much for Zwingli, and on 21 February 1531, he wrote to Bucer ending their friendship.

The emperor was also able to obtain the support of John George I, Elector of Saxony ; John George's court preacher, Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg, encouraged the emperor to smash Frederick and the Bohemians.

Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of Germany, created the modern welfare state by building on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s, and by winning the support of business.

After his father's death in 1733, he inherited Saxony and was elected King of Poland, with the support of Russian and Austrian military forces in the War of the Polish Succession ( 1733 – 1738 ).

Armed uprisings in support of the constitution, especially in Saxony, the Palatinate and Baden were short-lived, as the local military, aided by Prussian troops, crushed them quickly.

Further, Prussia, unlike Bavaria, Württemberg, Saxony and Hanover, had indicated its support of the draft constitution in a statement made after the first reading.

Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, acquired the support of Russia, Sweden, Saxony, Spain, and France, with the specific aim of waging war against Prussia and its ally, Great Britain.

After the closure of the Frankfurt Ballet in 2004, Forsythe established The Forsythe Company with the support of the states of Saxony and Hesse, the cities of Dresden and Frankfurt am Main, and private sponsors in a public-private co-operative venture.

However he was wholly responsible for a ruinous fiscal policy which decisively weakened the position of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire between 1733 and 1763 ; for the mistaken ambition which led Frederick Augustus II to become a candidate for the throne of Poland, which led to a civil war and did sustainable damage to the Polish sovereignty ; for the engagements into which he entered in order to secure the support of Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg ; for the shameless and ill-timed tergiversations of Saxony during the War of the Austrian Succession ; for the intrigues which entangled the Electorate in the alliance against King Frederick II of Prussia, which led to the outbreak of the Seven Years ' War ; and for the waste and want of foresight which left the bankrupt country utterly unprepared to resist the immediate attack of the Prussian king.

Russian influence increased further when Frederick August II, the Elector of Saxony, in his successful bid to succeed his father on the Polish throne in the 1730s, agreed to grant Anna of Russia her choice of successor to the Courland duchy in exchange for Russian support in the War of the Polish Succession.

Despite his support for Wallenstein, he was not included in the list of promotions when the Duke resumed action against Saxony, Brandenburg, Sweden and France.

Abt ventured through Saxony and Thuringia, finally opening up a stage in Den Haag with the support of the Court and the high society on 16 October 1772 with the intention to introduce the young German theatre to the Netherlands.

He supported the Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791, and headed a diplomatic mission to Dresden, attempting to convince Frederick Augustus III, Elector of Saxony to support the Commonwealth and accept its throne ( after Poniatowski's future death ).

In spite of support of a friendly politician and personal engagement of his wife ( who is struck down by a guard in her attempt to deliver a petition to the Elector of Saxony and later dies of her injuries ), he remains unsuccessful.

* 1813 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads his French troops into the Battle of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany, against the combined armies of Russia and Prussia.

Napoleon elevated the rulers of the two largest Confederation states, Saxony and Bavaria, to the status of kings.

Separated from Prussia, whose state and army leadership withdrew headlong to the east, left without any information concerning Prussian intentions, and with Napoleon ’ s troops about to occupy Saxony, Frederick Augustus had to conclude peace.

The Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw, which Napoleon dictated to Saxony, joined the Duchy of Warsaw hereditarily to the Royal House of Saxony in Article V, which was linked to the Polish Constitution of 1791.

Napoleon, from whom Frederick Augustus was not able to keep the diplomatic maneuvers concealed, summoned the King urgently to Saxony after he had defeated the Prussian-Russian troops at Lützen on 2 May.

Napoleon, angered at the near defection of the King and at the same time dependent upon the full mobilization of all available forces against the Coalition troops, harshly demanded the full resources of Saxony.

As Napoleon ’ s troops in Saxony formed up for the retreat before the expanded coalition, the first defectors from the Saxon army to the allies came in September.

The newly established Kingdom of Saxony however sided with Napoleon, therefore at the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Lusatia was divided, with Lower Lusatia and the northeastern part of Upper Lusatia around Hoyerswerda, Rothenburg, Görlitz and Lauban awarded to Prussia.

Napoleon had a major portion of his Grande Armée in position in present day Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany, and thus decided on a northeast advance into Saxony and onto Berlin.

The Confederation of the Rhine furnished Napoleon with the bulk of the remainder of the forces with Saxony and Bavaria as principal contributors.

King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony was compelled by Napoleon to make his new realm a constitutional monarchy, with a parliament ( the Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw ).

The junior Albertine branch ruled as Electors ( 1547 – 1806 ) and Kings of Saxony ( 1806 – 1918 ) and also played a role in Polish history: two Wettin were Kings of Poland ( between 1697 – 1763 ) and a third ruled the Duchy of Warsaw ( 1807 – 1814 ) as a satellite of Napoleon.

After the defeat of Napoleon, the town was restored to Prussia and subsequently administered within the Province of Saxony.

After giving Napoleon an ultimatum on 1 October 1806, Prussia ( supported by Saxony ) finally decided to contend militarily with the French Emperor.

Once hostilities seemed inevitable in September 1806, Napoleon unleashed all French forces east of the Rhine, deploying the corps of the Grande Armée along the frontier of southern Saxony.

Towards the end of 1806, the French entered Poland and Napoleon Bonaparte created a new Duchy of Warsaw, to be ruled by his new ally the King of Saxony.

After Napoleon was defeated in 1814, the département became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, except the canton Jemgum and most of Weener, which became part of the Kingdom of Hanover ( presently part of Lower Saxony, Germany ).

As the Kingdom of Saxony had sided with Napoleon it had to cede Lower Lusatia to Prussia in the 1815 Congress of Vienna, whereafter the territory became part of the Province of Brandenburg.