* 1291 – The Old Swiss Confederacy is formed with the signature of the Federal Charter.

Afonso IV (; 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357 ), called the Brave (), was King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death.

Alfonso III ( 1265, Valencia – 18 June 1291 AD ), called the Liberal ( el Liberal ) or the Free ( also " the Frank ," from el Franc ), was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfons II ) from 1285.

* Alfonso III of Aragon-( 1285 – 1291 )

* Afonso IV of Portugal-( 1291 – 1357 )

* Alfonso III of Aragon ( 1285 – 1291 )

* Afonso IV of Portugal ( 1291 – 1357 )

In 1291, he hired 50 – 60 Genoese ships.

* Theodore I, Marquis of Montferrat ( 1291 – 1338 )

* 1338 – Theodore I of Montferrat ( b. 1291 )

* Pope Clement VI ( 1291 – 1352, r. 1342 – 52 )

* 1290 – 1291: Richard, refused the appointment

It was during the period of Crusader rule in Syria ( 1099 – 1291 ) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the Chouf Mountains.

In 1291 the Mamluk advance into Syria compelled the friars on Carmel to abandon their monastery ; but on dispersing through Western Europe they found that Western Carmelite congregations – especially in Italy – had largely abandoned the eremetic and ascetic ideal, adopting instead the conventual life and mission of the other Mendicant orders.

* John L. La Monte, Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100 – 1291.

* Steven Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099 – 1291.

* Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of ( 1099 – 1291 ) – Article in the Catholic Encyclopedia

* 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.

* 1291 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer ( d. 1361 )

Pope Clement VI ( 1291 – 6 December 1352 ), born

* 1291 – 20px Uri, 20px Schwyz, Unterwalden ( now divided into 20px Obwalden and 20px Nidwalden )

James II ( 10 August 1267 – 2 or 5 November 1327 ), called the Just (,, ) was the King of Sicily ( as James I ) from 1285 to 1296 and King of Aragon and Valencia and Count of Barcelona from 1291 to 1327.

The priory was in relatively affluent circumstances before the outbreak of the war of Independence in 1296, and the annual revenue of the house was returned at £ 74 12s 6d in the 1291 valuation of Pope Nicholas IV.

In 1291 Guillaume was professor of jurisprudence at the university of Montpellier, and in 1296 he became a member of the Curia Regis at Paris.

Ragman Rolls refers to the collection of instruments by which the nobility and gentry of Scotland subscribed allegiance to King Edward I of England, during the time between the Conference of Norham in May 1291 and the final award in favour of Balliol in November 1292 ; and again in 1296.

* 1296 – John of Bohemia ( d. 1346 )

* 1296 – First War of Scottish Independence: John Balliol's Scots army is defeated by an English army commanded by John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey at the Battle of Dunbar.

* 1296 – 1302: Vollrad von Krempa

* 1296 – Edmund Crouchback, English son of Henry III of England ( b. 1245 )

* 1245 – Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England ( d. 1296 )

* 1296 – Edward I sacks Berwick-upon-Tweed, during armed conflict between Scotland and England.

* 1257 – King Przemysł II of Poland ( d. 1296 )

Pope Saint Celestine V ( 1215 – 19 May 1296 ), born Pietro Angelerio ( according to some sources Angelario, Angelieri, Angelliero, or Angeleri ), also known as Pietro da Morrone, was elected Pope in the year 1294 in the last non-conclave papal election in the history of the Roman Catholic Church.

* 29 April – Blanche of Burgundy, queen consort of France ( b. c. 1296 )

* November 14 – Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica ( b. 1296 )

1296 – 1272 ) makes a treaty with Alaksandu ( possibly Alexander ), king of Wilusa ( Ilium ); and another document has Wilusa swearing by Appaliuna ( Apollo ).

John the Blind ( Luxembourgish: < span lang =" lb "> Jang de Blannen </ span >; German: < span lang =" de "> Johann der Blinde von Luxemburg </ span >; Czech: < span lang =" cz "> Jan Lucemburský </ span >) ( 10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346 ) was the Count of Luxembourg from 1309 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland.

# Agnes ( 18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden ), married in Vienna 13 February 1296 King Andrew III of Hungary.

* March 2 – Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert I of Scotland ( b. 1296 )

* April 12 – King Mangrai the Great of Ngoenyang established a new capital by founding Chiangmai and founded the Mangrai Dynasty that ruled the Lanna Kingdom of Chiangmai from 1296 to 1578.

* November 17 – ( Julian calendar ) John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as King of Scotland from among 13 candidates ; Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, eventually provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296.

* January 16 – Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III of England ( d. 1296 )

* October 14 – King Przemysł II of Poland ( d. 1296 )

The First War ( 1296 – 1328 ) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.

# Edmund Crouchback ( 16 January 1245 – d. 5 June 1296 )

# William of Lusignan ( c. 1228 – 1296 ).

John Balliol ( Norman French: Johan de Bailliol ; – 25 November 1314 ), known to the Scots as Toom Tabard (" empty suit "), was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296.

Salah – ud-din bin Youssef al-Kalal bi Hama ( i. e. the eye doctor of Hama ) was a Syrian oculist who flourished in Hama in 1296.