German physician Leonhart Fuchs ( 1501 – 1566 ) was one of " the three German fathers of botany ", along with Otto Brunfels ( 1489 – 1534 ) and Hieronymus Bock ( 1498 – 1554 ) ( also called Hieronymus Tragus ).

* Gabriel Gifford ( 1554 – 1629 )

The term " concept " is traced back to 1554 – 60 ( Latin conceptum-" something conceived "), but what is today termed " the classical theory of concepts " is the theory of Aristotle on the definition of terms.

* 1554 – Mapuche forces, under the leadership of Lautaro, score a victory over the Spanish at the Battle of Marihueñu in Chile.

* 1554 – A year after claiming the throne of England for nine days, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason.

George Frederick rebuilt the palace and fortress Plassenburg, which was destroyed after the second margravian war ( 1552 – 1554 ), as one of the most impressive residences of the renaissance in the German empire.

* 1554 – Mary I marries Philip II of Spain at Winchester Cathedral

* 1554 – Founding of São Paulo city, Brazil.

* 1537 – John Manuel, Prince of Portugal ( d. 1554 )

* 1554 – Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France ( d. 1592 )

* 1554 – Christiern Pedersen, Danish humanist ( b. 1480 )

* 1554 – 1557: Mohammed el-Cheikh

* 1554 – Queen Mary I grants a royal Charter to Derby School, as a grammar school for boys in Derby, England.

File: Persee-florence. jpg | Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus with the head of Medusa, 1545 – 1554

* 1581 – Ivan Ivanovich, son of Ivan IV of Russia ( b. 1554 )

Pope Gregory XV ( 9 January or 15 January 1554 – 8 July 1623 ), born Alessandro Ludovisi, was pope from 1621, succeeding Pope Paul V on 9 February 1621.

1534 ) and Hieronymus Bock ( 1498 – 1554 ) ( also called Hieronymus Tragus ).

Valerius Cordus ( 1515 – 1554 ) authored one of the greatest pharmacopoeias and one of the most celebrated herbals in history, Dispensatorium ( 1546 ).

* February 13 – Stephen Gosson, English satirist ( b. 1554 )

* September 26 – Wakisaka Yasuharu, Japanese warrior ( b. 1554 )

* July 8 – Pope Gregory XV ( b. 1554 )

* Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette of France ( 1554 – 1642 ), nobleman

* February 20 – Philip William, Prince of Orange ( b. 1554 )

In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, becoming queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556.

This style, which had been in use since 1554, was replaced when Philip inherited the Spanish Crown in 1556 with " Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, both the Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol ".

He had been a descendant of the Israelite tribe of Issachar ; he had been educated by his grandfathers, who had both been physicians to the court of Good King René of Provence ; he had attended Montpellier University in 1525 to gain his first degree: after returning there in 1529 he had successfully taken his medical doctorate ; he had gone on to lecture in the Medical Faculty there until his views became too unpopular ; he had supported the heliocentric view of the universe ; he had travelled to the north-east of France, where he had composed prophecies at the abbey of Orval ; in the course of his travels he had performed a variety of prodigies, including identifying a future Pope ; he had successfully cured the Plague at Aix-en-Provence and elsewhere ; he had engaged in scrying using either a magic mirror or a bowl of water ; he had been joined by his secretary Chavigny at Easter 1554 ; having published the first installment of his Propheties, he had been summoned by Queen Catherine de ' Medici to Paris in 1556 to discuss with her his prophecy at quatrain I. 35 that her husband King Henri II would be killed in a duel ; he had examined the royal children at Blois ; he had bequeathed to his son a ' lost book ' of his own prophetic paintings ; he had been buried standing up ; and he had been found, when dug up at the French Revolution, to be wearing a medallion bearing the exact date of his disinterment.

* De Mendeti Methodo ( Basel, 1554 ; London, 1556, Svo )

In 1554, he became a Master of Arts, and two years later, in 1556, was made Principal and Proctor of the then Saint Mary's Hall.

Some famous names of the period, besides Rore, are Palestrina, who wrote some secular music early in his career ; the young Orlande de Lassus, who wrote many well-known examples, including the highly experimental and chromatic Prophetiae Sibyllarum, and who, on moving to Munich in 1556, began the history of madrigal composition outside of Italy ; and Philippe de Monte, the most prolific of all madrigal composers, whose first publication dates from 1554.

He married Gertude Talbot, daughter of Henry Talbot ( 1554 – 1596 ) ( Henry was the son of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury ), and Elizabeth Reyner ( born 1556 ) on 8 Jan 1601 in Overton Longueville, Huntingtonshire.

In 1554 and in 1556, there were signs that she was pregnant, but no pregnancy was ever officially announced and none was ever confirmed.

He was chosen High Sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1524, 1539, 1548, and 1555 / 1556 and returned as a member of parliament for the same county in 1541 and twice in 1554.

In 1554 and again in 1556, Ferdinand named him ambassador to the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent.

Other locations included Brest ( 1653 ), Bydgoszcz ( 1520 ), Jędrzejów ( 1576 ), Kamień ( 1573 ), Koło ( 1577 ), Korczyn ( 1511 ), Lublin ( 1506, 1554, 1566, 1569 ), Poznań ( 1513 ), Sandomierz ( 1500, 1519 ), Toruń ( 1519, 1577 ), and Warsaw ( 1556, 1563, and numerous times after 1568 ).

In 1554 – 1555 the question of the Religious Peace of Augsburg occupied his mind ; in 1556 the conference with Johannes a Lasco, in 1557 the Frankenthal conference with the Anabaptists and the Worms Colloquy ; in 1558 the edict against Schwenckfeld and the Anabaptists, and the Frankfort Recess ; in 1559 the plan for a synod of those who were related to the Augsburg Confession and the Stuttgart Synod, to protect Brenz's doctrine of the Lord's Supper against Calvinistic tendencies ; in 1563 and 1569 the struggle against Calvinism in the Electorate of the Palatinate ( Maulbronn Colloquy ) and the crypto-Calvinistic controversies.

Jan was Wojski of Lwów from 1555 to 1554, courtier on the royal court since 1554, secretary of the King since 1556, castellan of Małogoszcz since 1563 and of Radom since 1565, voivode of Lublin Voivodeship since 1574 and starost of Łomża and Pilzno.

It is, however, as a novelist that Wickram has left the deepest mark on his time, his chief romances being Ritter Galmy aus Schottland ( 1539 ), Gabriotto und Reinhard ( 1554 ), Der Knabenspiegel ( 1554 ), Von guten und bösen Nachbarn ( 1556 ) and Der Goldfaden ( 1557 ).

* June 30 – John Frederick, Elector of Saxony ( d. 1554 )

** Guilford Dudley, son of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland ( d. 1554 )

** John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English nobleman ( d. 1554 )

** John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley ( d. 1554 )

# John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, 1503 – 1554

From 1539, the heir to the throne was John, Prince of Portugal, who married Joan of Spain, daughter of Charles V. The sole son of John III to survive childhood, Prince John was sickly and died young ( of juvenile diabetes ), eighteen days before his wife gave birth to Prince Sebastian on 20 January 1554.

In January 1554, Bonner, the new Bishop of London, sent him to Newgate Prison, where he lay with John Hooper, Laurence Saunders, John Bradford and others for a year.

Protestant authors who wrote on the topic in the 16th century include the English historian John Foxe who published the Book of Martyrs in 1554 and the Spanish convert Reginaldo González de Montes, author of Exposición de algunas mañas de la Santa Inquisición Española ( Exposition of some methods of the Holy Spanish Inquisition ) ( 1567 ).

Some of the strongest and earliest support for the Legend came from two Protestants: the Englishman John Foxe, author of the Book of Martyrs ( 1554 ), and the Spaniard Reginaldo González de Montes, author of the Exposición de algunas mañas de la Santa Inquisición Española ( Exposition of some vices of the Spanish Inquisition, 1567 ).

According to Spanish scholar González Echeverría in as speech to the ISHM, the John M. Riddle Anonymous B ( De Materia Medica of 1543 ) would be Michael Servetus, and that the Anonymous D ( De Materia Medica of 1554 of Mattioli plus non-signed commentaries ) is two comentarians, Servetus and Mattioi, being the last one hired for editing the " Lyons printers ' Tribute to Michel de Villeneuve " edition.

* John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford ( c. 1485 – 1554 / 5 ), English royal minister

* 1554 – 1565: John Norreys

* Cecily Grey ( d. 28 April 1554 ), married John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley.

John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, KG, PC, JP ( c. 1485 – 14 March 1554 / 1555 ) was an English royal minister in the Tudor era.

* John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick ( c. 1527 – 1554 ), son of the 1st Duke of Northumberland

* John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick ( c. 1527 – 1554 )

John Lyly ( Lilly or Lylie ; c. 1553 or 1554 – November 1606 ) was an English writer, poet, dramatist, playwright, and politician, best known for his books Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit ( 1578 ) and Euphues and His England ( 1580 ).

John Lyly was born in Kent, England, in 1553 / 1554, to Peter Lyly ( d. 1569 ) and his wife, Jane Burgh ( or Brough ), of Burgh Hall in the North Riding of Yorkshire.

* John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford ( c. 1485 – 1554 / 5 ), a close advisor of Henry VIII, was later created Earl of Bedford, by then a close advisor of Henry's son Edward VI, was further honoured by him

* Francis Russell, Baron Russell ( c. 1554 – 27 July 1585 ), married Juliana Foster and had issue, including Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford, and Mary Ann Russell, wife of John Roote, and had issue

In 1554, Queen Mary gave Sudeley Castle to John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos, and it remained his property throughout the reign of Queen Elizabeth.