Others who anticipated the work of Lavoisier include Jean Rey ( 1583 – 1645 ), Joseph Black ( 1728 – 1799 ), and Henry Cavendish ( 1731 – 1810 ).

* 1583 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes the first English colony in North America, at what is now St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.

* 1663 – Francis Cooke, Mayflower pilgrim ( b. c. 1583 )

# Eleanor of Prussia ( 22 August 1583 – 31 March / 9 April 1607 ).

* 1663 – Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba ( b. 1583 )

Lord Herbert of Cherbury ( 1583 – 1648 ) is generally considered the " father of English Deism ," and his book De Veritate ( 1624 ) the first major statement of deism.

The Church considers the first seven Ecumenical Councils ( held between the 4th and the 8th century ) to be the most important ; however, there have been more, specifically the Synods of Constantinople, 879 – 880, 1341, 1347, 1351, 1583, 1819, and 1872, the Synod of Iaşi ( Jassy ), 1642, and the Pan-Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem, 1672, all of which helped to define the Orthodox position.

The famous fugue composer Johann Sebastian Bach ( 1685 – 1750 ) shaped his own works after those of Johann Jakob Froberger ( 1616 – 1667 ), Johann Pachelbel ( 1653 – 1706 ), Girolamo Frescobaldi ( 1583 – 1643 ), Dieterich Buxtehude ( c. 1637 – 1707 ), and other composers.

* 1583 – Jean-Baptiste Morin, French scientist ( d. 1656 )

* 1506 – René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor ( d. 1583 )

The earliest known written account of the creation of a golem by a historical figure reported a tradition connected to Rabbi Eliyahu of Chelm ( 1550 – 1583 ).

He was assisted by Axel Oxenstierna ( 1583 – 1654 ), leader of the nobles who also acted as regent after his death.

Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence ( 1582 – 1583 ), the official legislative body of the Italian language led to publication of Agnolo Monosini's Latin tome Floris italicae linguae libri novem in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612.

* 1625 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer ( b. 1583 )

* 1583 – Axel Oxenstierna, Swedish statesman ( d. 1654 )

* 1583 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian ( d. 1643 )

# Joachim Ernest ( 1583 – 1625 )

* Joachim ( 13 April 1583 – 10 June 1600 )

* Ernest ( 13 April 1583 – 18 September 1613 )

* Bernard Gilpin ( 1517 – 1583 ), ' Apostle of the North '

Bernard Gilpin ( 1517 – 1583 ), Apostle of the North, was associated with the town.

Bernard Gilpin ( 1517 – 4 March 1583 ), was an Oxford theologian and then an influential clergyman in the emerging Church of England spanning the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary and Elizabeth I.

Bernard Gilpin died on 4 March 1583 and his tomb is in Houghton-le-Spring Church.

In 1583, Thomas Stephens, an English Jesuit missionary in Goa, in a letter to his brother that was not published until the 20th century, noted similarities between Indian languages, specifically Konkani, and Greek and Latin.

* August 20 – Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher ( b. 1583 )

* March 17 – Philip Massinger, English dramatist ( b. 1583 )

* June 5 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer and organist ( b. 1583 )

* April 19 – Sir John Beaumont, English poet ( b. 1583 )

* November 3 – John Bainbridge, English astronomer ( b. 1583 )

* December 8 – John Pym, English statesman ( b. 1583 )

** Humphrey Gilbert, English adventurer, explorer, member of parliament and soldier ( d. 1583 )

The English, lead by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, had claimed St. John's, Newfoundland in 1583 as the first North American English colony by royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I.

* Orlando Gibbons ( 1583 – 1625 ), English composer

* Josias Simler's Oratio, published in 1563 and translated into English in 1583, is the basis of subsequent accounts of Vermigli, though it has been amended somewhat by recent studies, especially by Philip McNair's work, Peter Martyr in Italy.

Philip Stubbs, an English pamphleteer, wrote in his 1583 book " The Anatomie of Abuses " that " the word pussie is now used of a woman ".

" The work of Las Casas was first cited in English with the 1583 publication The Spanish Colonie, or Brief Chronicle of the Actes and Gestes of the Spaniards in the West Indies, at a time when England and Spain were preparing for war in the Netherlands.

At the beginning of 1583, Stanley was sent back to Ireland to deal with the rebel Geraldines of Desmond, and was appointed by the Earl of Ormond as commander of the garrison at Lismore ; he was also constable of Castlemaine, which he intended to " make a town of English ".

Philip Massinger ( 1583 – 17 March 1640 ) was an English dramatist.

The six year exploration license Gilbert had secured by letters patent from the crown in 1578 was on the point of expiring, when he succeeded in 1583 in raising significant sums from English Catholic investors.

Once this resistance was overcome, Gilbert waved his letters patent about and, in a formal ceremony, took possession of Newfoundland ( including the lands 200 leagues to the north and south ) for the English crown on 5 August 1583.

The last trial by combat under the authority of an English monarch is thought to have taken place during the reign of Elizabeth I in the inner courtyard of Dublin Castle in Ireland on 7 September 1583.

Orlando Gibbons ( baptised 25 December 1583 – 5 June 1625 ) was an English composer, virginalist and organist of the late Tudor and early Jacobean periods.

Thomas Radclyffe ( or Ratclyffe ) 3rd Earl of Sussex ( c. 1525 – 9 June 1583 ) was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland during the Tudor period of English history, and a leading courtier during the reign of Elizabeth I.