* Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 philosophical work by Immanuel Kant

Given that premise, the notion of absolute knowledge ( as described by Plato and the rationalists ) is seen as mere illusion, and this is what he set out to demonstrate in the first part of his magnum opus " The Critique of Pure Reason " ( 1781 ).

* Kant, Immanuel, ( 1781 / 1787 ), Critique of Pure Reason.

In 1781, Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ) published his Critique of Pure Reason, in which he attempted to determine what we can and cannot know through the use of reason independent of all experience.

The Critique of Pure Reason () by Immanuel Kant, first published in 1781, second edition 1787, is one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.

In his " Critique of Pure Reason " ( 1781 ), " Critique of Practical Reason " ( 1788 ) and " Critique of Judgment " ( 1790 ), he discussed them transcendentally rather than empirically.

Pierre Laberge ( 1972 ) observes that Kant's famous critique of physicotheology in the Critique of Pure Reason ( 1781 ; second edition 1787 ) has tended to obscure the fact that in his early work, General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens ( 1755 ), Kant defended a physicotheology that at the time was startlingly original, but that succeeded only to the extent that it concealed what Laberge terms a theophysics (" ce que nous appellerons une théophysique ").

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing ( 1729 – 1781 ), German dramatist and philosopher, trusted in a " Christianity of Reason ", in which human reason ( initiated by criticism and dissent ) would develop, even without help by divine revelation.

The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781.

In practice, the Articles were in use beginning in 1777 ; the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress (" the United States in Congress assembled ") until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1, 1781 ; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation.

The movement was particularly dominated by François Quesnay ( 1694 – 1774 ) and Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot ( 1727 – 1781 ).

In Turin on 29 September 1781 ( by proxy ) and again in Dresden on 24 October 1781 ( in person ), Anton married firstly with the Princess Caroline of Savoy ( Maria Carolina Antonietta Adelaida ), daughter of the King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonietta of Spain.

In his 1781 book General History of Connecticut, the Reverend Samuel Peters ( 1735 – 1826 ) used it to describe various laws first enacted by Puritan colonies in the 17th century that prohibited various activities, recreational as well as commercial, on Sunday ( Saturday evening through Sunday night ).

( The First American Opera ) Printed by Benjamin Carr, 1781.

The Continental Army having been funded by $ 20, 000 in French gold, Washington delivered the final blow to the British in 1781, after a French naval victory allowed American and French forces to trap a British army in Virginia.

As it's name say, Räuberroman focuses on the life and deeds of the outlaws, influenced by Friedrich von Schiller's drama The Robbers ( 1781 ).

* 1781 – In the Battle of Jersey, the British defeat the last attempt by France to invade Jersey.

Watt adamantly opposed this and they circumvented the patent by their sun and planet gear in 1781.

Originally lit by open fires and later candles, the Argand hollow wick lamp and parabolic reflector were developed around 1781 in Europe.

The Little Penguin was first described by German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781.

The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.

* Montesuma, 1781 opera by Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli

* 1781 – The crew of the British slave ship Zong murders 133 Africans by dumping them into the sea to claim insurance.

Charles Messier then compiled a catalog of 103 " nebulae " ( now called Messier objects, which included what are now known to be galaxies ) by 1781 ; his interest was detecting comets, and these were objects that might be mistaken for them, wasting time.

The Articles of Confederation, ratified by the colonies in 1781, contained the clause, " The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states — fixing the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States — ....".

The word naturism was used for the first time in 1778 by a French-speaking Belgian, Jean Baptiste Luc Planchon ( 1734 – 1781 ), and was advocated as a means of improving the ' l ’ hygiène de vie ' ( natural style of life ) and health.

Grand piano by Louis Bas of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France, 1781.

* Kant, Immanuel ( 1781 ).

Immanuel Kant in 1781 criticised this use and applied it in accordance with its classical meaning " the philosophy of sensuous perception ".

In 1781, Kant declared that Baumgarten's aesthetics could never contain objective rules, laws, or principles of natural or artistic beauty.

( Kant 1781 / 1991, Koffka 1935, Köhler 1971 p. 125, Russell 1927 pp 137 – 143, Smythies 1989, 1994, current, Harrison 1989, Hoffman 1998, Lehar current, Hameroff current )"

He was finally allowed to return to Paris in 1781 to settle his affairs and attempt to find copies of the disputed records, but his differences with various French officials, coupled with the publication in Rivington's Royal Gazette in New York of private letters to his brother in which he repudiated the Revolution as hopeless and suggested a rapprochement with Britain, led to his being barred from entry and branded a traitor at home.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach established epigenesis as the model of thought in the life sciences in 1781 with his publication of Über den Bildungstrieb und das Zeugungsgeschäfte.

In 1781, after the publication of several treatises, he produced a German-language text for Homer's Odyssey.

Among the most successful of his 37 operas staged during his lifetime were Armida ( 1771 ), La fiera di Venezia ( 1772 ), La scuola de ' gelosi ( 1778 ), Der Rauchfangkehrer ( 1781 ), Les Danaïdes ( 1784 ), which was first presented as a work of Gluck's, La grotta di Trofonio ( 1785 ), Tarare ( 1787 ) ( Tarare was reworked and revised several times as was Les Danaïdes ), Axur, re d ' Ormus ( 1788 ), La cifra ( 1789 ), Palmira, regina di Persia ( 1795 ), Il mondo alla rovescia ( 1795 ), Falstaff ( 1799 ), and Cesare in Farmacusa ( 1800 ).

George Stephenson ( 9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848 ) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives.

In November 1781, he was the first person to be elected as the presiding officer, leading some historians to claim he was the first President of the United States.

In November 1781, Hanson became the first President of the Continental Congress to be elected for an annual term as specified in the Articles of Confederation, although Samuel Huntington and Thomas McKean had served in that office after the ratification of the Articles.

The first such addition came from Nicolas Camille Flammarion in 1921, who added Messier 104 after finding Messier ’ s side note in his 1781 edition exemplar of the catalogue.

It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as a metal in 1783.

* 1781: The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller first published

Building on this force between poles, Siméon-Denis Poisson ( 1781 – 1840 ) created the first successful model of the magnetic field which he presented in 1824.

When the 25-year-old Mozart arrived in Vienna in 1781, seeking professional opportunity, one of the first tasks to which he addressed himself was to become acquainted with Stephanie and lobby him for an opera commission.

He attempted to gain public favor in 1781 when he had published the first ever statement of the French Crown's expenses and accounts, the Compte rendu au roi.

In addition to his joint recognition for the discovery of oxygen, Scheele is argued to have been the first to discover other chemical elements such as barium ( 1774 ), manganese ( 1774 ), molybdenum ( 1778 ), and tungsten ( 1781 ), as well as several chemical compounds, including citric acid, lactic acid, glycerol, hydrogen cyanide ( also known, in aqueous solution, as prussic acid ), hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen sulfide.

Father Mugártegui also presided over the first burial ceremony on July 13 ( the first burial on Mission grounds would not take place until March 9, 1781 ).

Eugène Rose de Beauharnais, Prince Français, Prince of Venice, Viceroy of the Kingdom of Italy, Hereditary Grand Duke of Frankfurt, 1st Duke of Leuchtenberg and 1st Prince of Eichstätt ad personam ( 3 September 1781 – 21 February 1824 ) was the first child and only son of Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais and Joséphine Tascher de la Pagerie, future wife of French Emperor Napoléon I.

In 1781, by the help of some friends, eleven year old Thorvaldsen was admitted to Copenhagen's Royal Danish Academy of Art ( Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi ) first as draftsman, and from 1786 at the modeling school.

** Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France ( 1781 – 1789 ), first son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

* James Armistead, America's first spy ; an African American who provided the information to the Continental Army that Cornwallis was headed to Yorktown in 1781.

There were two American Revolutionary War actions fought on the hillside, the first was in March 1781 under von Steuben and his Virginia Militia, the second in April 1781, under Lafayette.