These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

First Japanese passport, issued in 1866.

** Nadezhda Durova, First female Russian army officer ( d. 1866 )

Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Austria, which had emerged as the Austrian Empire became part of the German Confederation till the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, and then the Austro-Hungarian Empire which collapsed at the end of World War I. Austria was briefly independent ( First Republic ) till annexation by the German Third Reich, partitioned after the Second World War and then became the independent sovereign state ( Second Republic ) that has existed to the present day.

* GASL. org: First editions of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There With 92 Illustrations by Tenniel, 1866 / 1872.

* 1866 – First chapters of Ofudesaki appear.

* Samuel B. Pryor, ( 1816 – 1866 ), First mayor of Dallas, TX.

Seymour was the site of the World's First Train Robbery, committed by the local Reno Gang, on October 6, 1866 just east of town.

First recorded as Durninum ( near / by thorns ) in a deed of gift from the Frankish Lord Herelaef to bishop Willibrord in 721, Deurne remained a collection of subsistence farming hamlets stretching ( North to South ) along the Peel peat moor until the 2nd half of the 19th century, when a newly built railroad ( Eindhoven-Venlo in 1866 ) and a canal ( Zuid-Willemsvaart canal in 1826 ) enabled the commercial exploitation of the moor.

Due to the town's geographically central location, the First Transcontinental Telegraph line ( 1861 ), railroad ( 1866 ) and highway ( 1913 ) passed through or very near Fremont.

later there followed a " Sabbath School " ( 1865 ), a " First baptist church " ( 1866 ), an ' St.

Image: First Baptist Church of Pleasanton, TX IMG_2594. JPG |< center > First Baptist Church of Pleasanton was founded by seven charter member in 1866.

His efforts were first directed to the preparation of textbooks: Higher English Grammar and An English Grammar were both published in 1863, followed in 1866 by the Manual of Rhetoric, in 1872 by A First English Grammar, and in 1874 by the Companion to the Higher Grammar.

" It was usually called the " African Union Church " until a Maryland offshoot of the A. M. E. Church ( the " First Colored Methodist Protestant Church ") merged into it in 1866, when the denomination added that church's name to its own.

Domhnall Ua Buachalla (; 5 February 1866 – 30 October 1963 ) was an Irish politician, shopkeeper and member of the First Dáil who served as third and final Governor-General of the Irish Free State and later served as a member of the Council of State.

First placed in operation in 1866, the Bjoren is still in operation as a tourist attraction on lake Byglandsfjord.

By the mid 1860s, the club was in decline, and despite efforts by the First Trinity Boat Club in 1866 to limit their membership in order to boost those of 2nd Trinity, this failed to help, and the decline continued.

** First Edition ( 1866 ): Google Book Search

During the three short administrations of Lord Derby ( 1852, 1858 – 59, and 1866 – 68 ) he sat in the cabinet as First Commissioner of Works.

Wood later served as President of the Board of Control under Lord Aberdeen ( 1852 – 1855 ), as First Lord of the Admiralty in Lord Palmerston's first administration ( 1855 – 1858 ), and as Secretary of State for India in Palmerston's second government ( 1859 – 1866 ).

First to be printed was an essay on the metaphysics of Coleridge, ' Coleridge's Writings ', contributed anonymously in 1866 to the Westminster Review.

Mrs. Johnson appeared publicly as First Lady on only two occasions-at a reception for Queen Emma of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1866 and at the president's birthday party in 1867.

With the Tories back in power he again held office under Lord Derby as First Lord of the Admiralty from 1858 to 1859 and from 1866 to 1867.

Although de Marignac was able to produce tantalum-free niobium on a larger scale by 1866, it was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially, in incandescent lamp filaments.

The first commercially successful transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on 18 July 1866.

It only operated for a month, but was replaced with a successful connection in 1866.

When the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid in 1858 by businessman Cyrus West Field, it operated for only a month ; subsequent attempts in 1865 and 1866 were more successful.

Further excavations were made in 1866, 1893, 1909, 1931, 1935, 1936, and 1959, none of which was successful.

Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, illustrated by John Tenniel in 1866 was one of the first highly successful entertainment books for children.

The first successful transatlantic telegraph cable was completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telegraph communications for the first time.

In June 1866, Benjamin was called to the bar in England, the beginning of his successful and eventually lucrative second career as a barrister, working in corporate law.

Discovering after a time that he was more suited to art criticism than painting, he moved to the area his wife came from, in France, where he produced his Painter's Camp in the Highlands ( 1863 ), which was very successful and prepared the way for his standard work on Etching and Etchers ( 1866 ).

Perhaps the most successful industry that grew up out of the business of patent medicine advertisements, though, was founded by William H. Gannett in Maine in 1866.

These reforms proved to be successful when Chōshū was victorious on four fronts against the Bakufu's Second Chōshū expedition in 1866, with the Kiheitai itself securing victory on two fronts.

One piece that he directed there was W. S. Gilbert's first successful solo play, Dulcamara, or the Little Duck and the Great Quack ( 1866 ) A year later he joined the company of the newly-opened Queen's Theatre, where he acted with Charles Wyndham, J. L. Toole, Lionel Brough, John Clayton, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Wigan, Ellen Terry and Nellie Farren.

Moltke planned and led the successful military operations during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.

One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army faced, he led a successful campaign in 1866 – 1868 known as Red Cloud's War over control of the Powder River Country in northeastern Wyoming and southern Montana.

One of the island's most successful businessmen, Owen succeeded his father as Postmaster-General of the island in 1860 before entering politics in 1866 winning election as a Conservative.

The most successful collaborations with Offenbach are La belle Hélène ( 1864 ), Barbe-bleue ( 1866 ), La vie parisienne ( 1866 ), La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein ( 1867 ), and La Périchole ( 1868 ).

Smetana evidently did not begin the orchestral scoring of The Bartered Bride until, following the successful performance of The Brandenburgers in January 1866, the management of the Provisional Theatre decided to stage the new opera that summer.

While this crop was marginally successful, between 1866 and 1847, sugar was soon to become the staple industry.

In 1866, he commanded the frigate HMS Terrible assisting the Great Eastern to lay the fifth ( and first successful ) Atlantic cable.

Ernest M. Skinner ( 1866 in Clarion, Pennsylvania – November 26 / 27, 1960 ) was one of the most successful American organ builders of the early 20th century.

Although the Italian fleet was larger and more powerful, Tegetthoff decided to engage it after a successful reconnaissance of the Italian base of Ancona on 27 June 1866.

By 1864, he had been elected to the Montreal Board of Trade, a clear sign of his early success, and by 1866 he was running his own successful wool-importing company while also investing in other textile businesses.

His son, Peter Cooper Hewitt ( 1861 – 1921 ), was a successful inventor, while another son, Edward Ringwood Hewitt ( 1866 – 1957 ), was also an inventor, a chemist and an early expert on fly-fishing.

So successful was he in this object that by 1866 he was able to show results which gave a fair representation of the distribution of rainfall, and the number of recorders gradually increased until the last volume of British Rainfall which he lived to edit ( that for 1899 ) contained figures from 3528 stations — 2894 in England and Wales, 446 in Scotland, and 188 in Ireland.