* 2005-Nelofer Pazira, A Bed of Red Flowers: In Search of My Afghanistan

* Nelofer Pazira-Filmmaker and Author ( Kandahar, Return to Kandahar, A Bed of Red Flowers: In Search of My Afghanistan )

Following the 1979 invasion and occupation of Afghanistan by Soviet troops, Massoud devised a strategic plan for expelling the invaders and overthrowing the communist regime.

Nowadays, " Afghan " is usually not used as an ethnic term, but as a national demonym for all citizens of Afghanistan, while " Pashtun "-the native ethnonym of this people-is largely used in a linguistic sense to refer to native speakers of Pashto.

Abdur Rahman lived in exile in Tashkent, then part of Russian Turkestan, for eleven years, until the 1879 death of Sher Ali, who had retired from Kabul when the British armies entered Afghanistan.

To one who had been a man of war from his youth, who had won and lost many fights, the rout of a detachment and the forcible seizure of some debatable frontier lands was an untoward incident ; but it was not a sufficient reason for calling upon the British, although they had guaranteed his territory's integrity, to vindicate his rights by hostilities which would certainly bring upon him a Russian invasion from the north, and would compel his British allies to throw an army into Afghanistan from the southeast.

In 1893 Mortimer Durand negotiated with Abdur Rahman Khan, the Durand Line Treaty for the demarcation of the frontier between Afghanistan, the FATA, North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan Provinces of Pakistan the successor state of British India.

In 1893, Mortimer Durand was deputed to Kabul by the government of British India for this purpose of settling an exchange of territory required by the demarcation of the boundary between northeastern Afghanistan and the Russian possessions, and in order to discuss with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan other pending questions.

In the year 1893, during rule of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan, a Royal Commission for setting up of Boundary between Afghanistan and British Governed India was set up to negotiate terms with the British, for the agreeing to the Durand line, and the two parties camped at Parachinar, now part of FATA Pakistan, which is near Khost, Afghanistan.

In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue the Sikhs.

The quarrels among Timur's descendants that threw Afghanistan into turmoil also provided the pretext for the intervention of outside forces.

He left his family in 2000 to complete the Hajj, but later went to Afghanistan bound for an al-Qaeda training camp where he befriended other future hijackers and would soon be chosen to participate in the attacks.

Nami's Visa application has since been reviewed, and while he mentioned that Mushabib will be travelling with him, he listed his occupation as student but failed to provide an address for his school, and listed his intended address in the United States merely as Los Angeles – in the end he never used this Visa to enter the United States, and reported his passport ( C115007, which showed evidence of travel to Afghanistan ) as " lost ", and procured a new one from Jeddah ( C505363 ).

Finally, a third reason was long-term air support for areas with a low threat level ( Iraq, Afghanistan ).

Among these were the writing of the Fundamental Principles of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, introducing a general amnesty for those people imprisoned during Nur Mohammad Taraki's and Amin's rule, and replacing the Khalqist flag with a more traditional one.

He was allowed to return to Afghanistan in 1991 by the Najibullah government for unknown reasons.

He served as the political head of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( UIFSA ), an alliance of various political groups who fought against the Taliban in Afghanistan.

Due to his knowledge, reputation, and active support for the cause of Islam, in 1972, a 15-member council selected him as head of Jamiat-e Islami of Afghanistan ; the founder of Jamiat-e Islami of Afghanistan, Ghulam M. Niyazi was also present.

The international calling code for Afghanistan is + 93.

The Afghanistan Postal commission was formed to prepare a written policy for the development of the postal sector, which will form the basis of a new postal services law governing licensing of postal services providers.

Based on statistics from the MCIT, Afghanistan needs around 1, 700 megabytes for its communications per year.

Hizb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan ( Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan ): Hizb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan began as a Shi ’ a umbrella party led by Abdul Ali Mazari.

* Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan

* National Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan

* People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan

He was a leader of the Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan, a minister under Burhanuddin Rabbani and Karzai, and had been a strong ally of Dostum.

For that purpose the CPA with four other Maoist organizations formed the Unity Committee of Marxist-Leninist-Maoist Movement of Afghanistan.

The Unity Congress was concluded on May 1, 2004 and the Communist ( Maoist ) Party of Afghanistan was formed.

Mohammad Mohaqiq is the founder and chairman of the People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan.

Category: People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan politicians

* Article on Amir Abdur Rahman Khan on Islamic Republic Of Afghanistan (. com )

Article 1 of the 1990 Constitution said that Afghanistan wan an " independent, unitary and Islamic state.

Article 1 of the 1990 constitution said that Afghanistan wan an " independent, unitary and Islamic state.

But according to Chapter Three, Article Sixty Two of Afghanistan Constitution an Afghanistan citizen shall be the president of Afghanistan.

Article 20 states that the Afghan National Anthem ( Wolesi Tarana ) " shall be in Pashto with the mention of " God is Great " as well as the names of the tribes of Afghanistan.

Provisions are written into the Afghanistan Constitution ( Article 14 ) aimed at improving the welfare of Kuchis, including provisions for housing, representation, and education.

In a January 2002 memorandum to the president, then-White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales authored a controversial memo that explored whether Article III of the Geneva Convention applied to Al Qaeda and Taliban fighters captured in Afghanistan and held in detention facilities around the world, including Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

In the USA, NATO medals authorized for wear include the NATO Medal for Former Yugoslavia, the NATO Medal for Kosovo Service, both of the Article 5 Medals, the Non-Article 5 medals for the Balkans and Afghanistan ( ISAF ), The NATO Meritorious Service Medal and the Macedonia NATO Medal and the Non-Article 5 Medal for service in Iraq, under the NTM-I.

Desecrating a copy of the Quran is punishable by imprisonment in some countries ( life imprisonment in Pakistan, according to Article 295-B of the Penal Code ) and has been punishable by death in Afghanistan, Somalia and Pakistan.

* Article about the use of the Aardvark and Hydrema by the US military in Afghanistan

The Christian Science Monitor reports that " Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs " in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System ( HTS ) program ; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq.

He was assassinated, probably at the instigation of al-Qaeda, in a suicide bombing on September 9, 2001, just two days before the September 11 attacks that finally caused the US and NATO to intervene in Afghanistan, allying themselves with Massoud's forces.

Ahmad Shah Massoud was born on September 2, 1953 in Bazarak, Panjshir, Afghanistan.

Afghan Turkestan is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

In the 19th century there was a province in Afghanistan named Turkestan Province until abolished by Abdur Rahman, and was centred on Mazari Sharif and included territory in the modern provinces of Balkh, Jowzjan, Faryab and Sar-e Pol.

The Amir Sher Ali marched up against them from Kandahar ; but in the battle that ensued at Sheikhabad on May 10, he was deserted by a large body of his troops, and after his signal defeat Abdur Rahman released his father, Afzul Khan, from prison in Ghazni, and installed him upon the throne as Amir of Afghanistan.

The British evacuation of Afghanistan was settled on the terms proposed, and in 1881, the British troops also handed over Kandahar to the new Amir.

From that time Abdur Rahman was fairly seated on the throne at Kabul, and in the course of the next few years he consolidated his dominion over all Afghanistan, suppressing insurrections by a sharp and relentless use of his despotic authority.

In the agreement, the relations between the British Indian and Afghan governments, as previously arranged, were confirmed ; and an understanding was reached upon the important and difficult subject of the border line of Afghanistan on the east, towards India.

Sakharov was arrested on January 22, 1980, following his public protests against the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, and was sent to internal exile in the city of Gorky, now Nizhny Novgorod, a city that was off-limits to foreigners.

By October he had taken a prospective hijacker Mushabib al-Hamlan from Afghanistan to Saudi Arabia where they both procured B-1 / B-2 tourist / business visas on October 28 – but Hamlan then decided not to proceed and is thought to have returned to his family.

In response to the 1998 al-Qaeda bombings of U. S. embassies in East Africa that killed a dozen Americans and hundreds of Africans, Clinton ordered cruise missile strikes on terrorist targets in Afghanistan and Sudan.

After the Taliban government was toppled during Operation Enduring Freedom, Rabbani returned to Kabul and served as a temporary President from November to December 20, 2001, when Hamid Karzai was chosen at the Bonn International Conference on Afghanistan.

Annual celebrations also take place in Hong Kong, entitled Canada D ' eh and held on June 30 at Lan Kwai Fong, where an estimated attendance of 12, 000 was reported in 2008 ; in Afghanistan, where members of the Canadian Forces mark the holiday at their base ; and in Mexico, at the American Legion in Chapala, and the Canadian Club in Ajijic.

Communications in Afghanistan has increased in the last decade, and has embarked on wireless companies, internet, radio stations and television channels.

Image: US forces Operation Enduring Freedom. jpg | United States Army Special Forces on horseback with the Northern Alliance of Afghanistan, which frequently used horses as military transport.

Tensions between the superpowers increased during this time, when Carter placed trade embargoes on the Soviet Union and stated that the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was " the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War.

Beginning on 7 October 2001, the US again commenced military operations from Diego Garcia using B-1, B-2, and B-52 bombers to attack enemy targets in Afghanistan following the attacks on New York City and the Pentagon.

During the combat operations from the atoll against Afghanistan ( 2001 – 2006 ) and Iraq ( 2003 – 2006 ), a number of allied militaries were based on the island including Australian, Japanese and the Republic of Korea.

B-1 Lancer | B-1B Lancer Bombers on Diego Garcia, November, 2001, during the bombing campaign in Afghanistan