In the fall the forests become brilliant with color from Andean Alder ( Alnus acuminata ) and poplar ( Populus spp.

Some other common trees and large shrub species of subtropical forests are Semicarpus anacardium, Cretaeava unilocularis, Trewia nudiflora, Premna interrupta, Ulmus lancifolia, Ulmus chumlia, Glochidium velutinum, Callicarpa arborea, Toona ciliata, Ficus spp., Mahosama similicifolia, Trevesia palmate, Xylosma longifolium, Boehmeria rugulosa, Scheffera venulosa, Michelia spp., Casearia graveilens, Rhus wallichii, Actinodaphne reticulata, Sapimum insegne, Alnus nepalensis, Ardisia thyrsiflora, Ilex spp, Macaranga pustulata, Trichilia cannoroides, Celtis tetranda, Wenlendia puberula, Saurauia nepalensis, Ligustrum confusum, Quercus glauca, Zizyphus incurva, Camellia kissi, Hymenodictyon flaccidum, Maytenus thomsonii, Zanthoxylum armatum, Rhus succednea, Eurya acuminata, Myrsine semiserrata, Slonea tomentosa, Hydrangea asper, Symplocus spp., Cleyrea spp.

* Alnus cordata — Italian alder, Italy

* Alnus firma — Kyūshū ( Japan )

* Alnus glutinosa — black alder, Europe

* Alnus incana — grey alder, Eurasia

* Alnus japonica — Japanese alder, Japan

* Alnus jorullensis — Mexican alder, Mexico, Guatemala ( one of the few evergreen species )

* Alnus mandshurica — Russian Far East, China, Korea

* Alnus matsumurae — Honshū ( Japan )

* Alnus nepalensis — Nepalese alder, eastern Himalaya, southwest China

* Alnus orientalis — Oriental alder, southern Turkey, northwest Syria, Cyprus

* Alnus pendula — Japan, Korea

* Alnus rhombifolia — white alder, interior western North America

* Alnus rubra — red alder, west coastal North America

* Alnus serrulata — hazel alder, tag alder or smooth alder, eastern North America

* Alnus sieboldiana — Honshū ( Japan )

* Alnus subcordata — Caucasian alder, Caucasus, Iran

* Alnus trabeculosa — China, Japan

* Alnus formosana — Formosan alder, Taiwan

* Alnus maritima — seaside alder, east coastal North America, plus disjunct population in Oklahoma

* Alnus nitida — Himalayan alder, western Himalaya

* Alnus viridis — green alder, widespread:

The largest species are red alder ( A. rubra ) on the west coast of North America, and black alder ( A. glutinosa ), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 m. By contrast, the widespread Alnus viridis ( green alder ) is rarely more than a 5 m tall shrub.

Native Americans used red alder bark ( Alnus rubra ) to treat poison oak, insect bites, and skin irritations.

Speckled alder ( Alnus incana subsp.

menziesii ), Pacific madrone ( Arbutus menziesii ), Red alder ( Alnus rubra ) and Bigleaf maple ( Acer macrophyllum ) forest.

They differ from the alders ( Alnus, other genus in the family ) in that the female catkins are not woody and disintegrate at maturity, falling apart to release the seeds, unlike the woody, cone-like female alder catkins.

Alnus jorullensis ( Mexican alder ) is an evergreen or semi-evergreen alder, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala as well as to the Andes of South America, growing at high altitudes in mountains there.

sinuata ), and east of the Cascade Mountains by thinleaf alder ( Alnus incana subsp.

* Flora of North America: Alnus

Alnus rubra, the red alder, is a deciduous broadleaf tree native to western North America.

* Flora of North America: Alnus rubra

* Flora of North America: Magnolia acuminata

The Mexican weeping bamboo, Otatea acuminata, is a clumping bamboo native to central and southern Mexico and Central America.

Although the Colombian Government ratified the 1988 UN Convention on Narcotics in 1994 — the last of the Andean governments to do so — it took important reservations, notably to the anti-money-laundering measures, asset forfeiture and confiscation provisions, maritime interdiction, and extradition clauses.

* c. 8500 BC — Andean peoples domesticate chili peppers and two kinds of bean

Among New World societies, trepanation is most commonly found in the Andean civilizations such as the Inca, where it is frequently associated with pre-existing cranial damage, indicating that it had a use as a reasonably-successful medical procedure — by one estimate, more than 70 % of the patients survived the operation.

The term originated in reference to medieval French motets, but the technique remains in common use in contemporary music ( Louis Andriessen's Hoketus ), popular music ( funk, stereo panning, the work of Robert Fripp and Adrian Belew in King Crimson ), Indonesian gamelan music ( interlocking patterns shared between two instruments — called imbal in Java and Kotekan in Bali ), Andean siku ( panpipe ) music ( two pipe sets sharing the full number of pitches between them ), handbell music ( tunes being distributed between two or more players ), Rara street processions in Haiti, as well as in the Gaga in the Dominican Republic and many African cultures such as the Ba-Benzélé ( featured on Herbie Hancock's " Watermelon Man ", see Pygmy music ), Mbuti, Basarwa ( Khoisan ), the Gumuz tribe from the Blue Nile Province ( Sudan ), and Gogo ( Tanzania ).

Although the vowels of Spanish are relatively stable from one dialect to another, the phenomenon of vowel reduction — devoicing or even loss — of unstressed vowels in contact with voiceless consonants, especially, can be observed in some varieties of central Mexico ( including Mexico City ) and of the Andean region.

The show has included a diverse and eclectic mix of performers and music from around the world — music and musicians which have included Brazilian choro music from the Robison-Lubambo-Baptista Trio, American gospel group the Albert McNeil Jubilee Singers, Latin-American and African carols and folk dances from Andrew Lawrence-King and The Harp Consort, the viol quartet Phantasm, jazz trumpeter Art Farmer, Bolivian Andean music specialists Rumillajta, eclectic composer Mark O ' Connor and the Appalachia Waltz Trio, and African-American Latino wind group Imani Winds.

Many Bolivians on the Altiplano, and in two of Bolivia's main cities — La Paz and El Alto — depend on the melting of Andean glaciers for their water supply during the dry season.