The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart under the competing ambitions of its members: Lepidus was driven into exile and stripped of his position, and Antony committed suicide following his defeat at the Battle of Actium by Augustus in 31 BC.

Mark Antony later charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favours, though Suetonius, in his work Lives of the Twelve Caesars, describes Antony's accusation as political slander.

Antonia Minor was a daughter to Octavia the Younger by her second marriage to triumvir Mark Antony, and Octavia was the second eldest sister and full-blooded sister of Augustus.

The final conflict was provoked by Antony, who is said to have been persuaded by his lover, the queen Cleopatra of Egypt, to retire to her land and give battle to mask his retreat ; but lack of provisions and the growing demoralization of his army would eventually account for this decision.

The first apicomplexan protozoan was seen by Antony van Leeuwenhoek who in 1674 saw oocysts of Eimeria stiedae in the gall bladder of a rabbit.

* 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed.

He had a Latin translation by Evagrius of Athanasius's Life of Antony, and a copy of Sulpicius Severus ' Life of St. Martin.

Antony was inevitably perceived by Octavian and the majority of the Roman Senate as the leader of a separatist movement that threatened to break the unity of the Roman Republic.

Antony complained that Octavian had exceeded his powers in deposing Lepidus, in taking over the countries held by Sextus Pompeius, in enlisting soldiers for himself without sending half to him.

Gnaeus Ahenobarbus seems to have wished to keep quiet ; but Gaius Sosius on 1 January made an elaborate speech in favor of Antony, and would have proposed the confirmation of his act had it not been vetoed by a tribune.

But, by the publication of Antony's will, which had been put into his hands by the traitor Plancus, and by carefully letting it be known at Rome what preparations were going on at Samos, and how entirely Antony was acting as the agent of Cleopatra, Octavian produced such a violent outburst of feeling that he easily obtained Antony's deposition from the consulship of 31, for which he had been designated, and a vote for a proclamation of war against Cleopatra, well understood to mean against Antony, though he was not named.

Antony meant to anticipate an attack by a descent upon Italy towards the end of 32, and went as far as Corcyra.

The large contingent furnished by Egypt gave her advice as much weight as her personal influence over Antony ; and it appears that this movement was really resolved upon.

Antony was defeated by Gallus, and returning to Egypt, advanced on Pelusium.

2003 saw the introduction of another gay male character, Sean Tully played by Antony Cotton.

He also played a role in a tour of Antony and Cleopatra, produced by the actress Katharine Cornell in 1946.

Hayek was defended by Professor Antony Flew who stated that the German Social Democrats, unlike the British Labour Party, had, since the late 1950s, abandoned public ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange and had instead embraced the social market economy.

The use of the term was advanced by British philosopher Antony Flew:

Mark Antony supposedly gave Cleopatra over 200, 000 scrolls ( taken from the great Library of Pergamum ) for the library as a wedding gift, but this is regarded by some historians as a propagandist claim meant to show Antony's allegiance to Egypt rather than Rome.

Actium is chiefly famous as the site of Octavian's decisive victory over Mark Antony ( September 2, 31 BC ).

That occurred when Mark Antony, the other most influential member of the Triumvirate, abandoned his wife, Octavian's sister Octavia Minor, and moved to Egypt to start a long-term romance with Cleopatra, thus becoming de facto stepfather to Caesarion.

As a personal challenge to Octavian's prestige, Antony tried to get Caesarion accepted as a true heir of Julius Caesar, even though the legacy did not mention him at all.

Indeed, military operations began in 31 BC, when Octavian's general Agrippa captured Methone, a Greek town allied to Antony.

After Octavian's proposals for a conference with Antony had been scornfully rejected, both sides prepared for the final struggle next year.

Unfortunately for Antony, many of his ships were undermanned ; there had been a severe malaria outbreak while they were waiting for Octavian's fleet to arrive.

Antony had hoped to use his biggest ships to drive back Agrippa's wing on the north end of his line, but Octavian's entire fleet, aware of this strategy, stayed out of range.

Mark Antony transferred to a smaller vessel with his flag and managed to escape, taking a few ships with him as an escort to help break through Octavian's lines.

Antony foresaw that he would not be able to defeat Octavian's forces, so he and Cleopatra stayed in the rear of the formation.

Antony made peace with Octavian in September 40 BC and married Octavian's sister Octavia Minor.

The Parthian Empire had supported Brutus and Cassius in the civil war, sending forces which fought with them at Philippi ; following Antony and Octavian's victory, the Parthians invaded Roman territory, occupying Syria, advancing into Asia Minor and installing Antigonus as puppet king in Judaea to replace the pro-Roman Hyrcanus.

But by now, Antony was skeptical of Octavian's true support of his Parthian cause.

Octavian's loyal and talented general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa captured the Greek city and naval port of Methone, loyal to Antony.

Sometime after the publication of the Eclogues ( probably before 37 BC ), Virgil became part of the circle of Maecenas, Octavian's capable agent d ' affaires who sought to counter sympathy for Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian's side.

* The Egyptian fleet ( 60 warships ), including Cleopatra's treasure ship retreats to Taenarus, Antony transferred his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line.

After losing the Battle of Actium to Octavian's forces, Antony committed suicide.

Back in Rome, a general brings forward the idea that Antony should marry Octavian's younger sister, Octavia, in order to cement the friendly bond between the two men.

While Antony cemented his hold in the East and reformed the provincial administration ( like Sulla's provincial reforms, Caesar's had been quietly ignored after his death ), Octavian tightened his grip on the West and nominally oversaw a campaign against the pirate commander Sextus Pompeius ( the campaign was actually commanded by Octavian's lieutenant, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa ), which culminated in victory in 36 BC.

Despite having married Octavia, Octavian's sister, in 40 BC ( Octavian had married Antony's stepdaughter Clodia Pulchra three years earlier ), Antony openly lived in Alexandria with Cleopatra VII of Egypt, even siring children with her.

Octavian's forces decisively defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in Greece in September 31 BC, chasing them to Egypt in 30 BC.

Mark Antony had committed suicide prior to Octavian's entry into the capital ; Cleopatra followed his example by committing suicide on August 12, 30 BC.

When Antony and Cleopatra die, Pullo and his comrade Lucius Vorenus slip through Octavian's border guards with the child, though Vorenus is severely wounded.

A decade after Caesar's death, Octavian's victory over his erstwhile ally Mark Antony at Actium put an end to any effective opposition and confirmed Octavian's supremacy.