BCS theory, proposed by John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer ( BCS ) in 1957, is the first microscopic theory of superconductivity since its discovery in 1911.

In 1957 Bardeen and Cooper assembled these ingredients and constructed such a theory, the BCS theory, with Robert Schrieffer.

The 1950 Landau-Ginzburg theory of superconductivity is not cited in either of the BCS papers.

It is believed that BCS theory alone cannot explain this phenomenon and that other effects are at play.

The BCS theory, however, requires only that the potential be attractive, regardless of its origin.

BCS theory starts from the assumption that there is some attraction between electrons, which can overcome the Coulomb repulsion.

However, the results of BCS theory do not depend on the origin of the attractive interaction.

Extensions of BCS theory exist to describe these other cases, although they are insufficient to completely describe the observed features of high-temperature superconductivity.

The BCS theory gives an expression that shows how the gap grows with the strength of the attractive interaction and the ( normal phase ) single particle density of states at the Fermi energy.

* BCS theory predicts the dependence of the value of the energy gap E at temperature T on the critical temperature T < sub > c </ sub >.

BCS theory relates the value of the critical field at zero temperature to the value of the transition temperature and the density of states at the Fermi energy.

* The BCS theory reproduces the isotope effect, which is the experimental observation that for a given superconducting material, the critical temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the isotope used in the material.

This is incorporated into the BCS theory, where lattice vibrations yield the binding energy of electrons in a Cooper pair.

* Dance Analogy of BCS theory as explained by Bob Schrieffer ( audio recording )

Eventually in 1965, John Bardeen, Leon Cooper and John Schrieffer developed the so-called BCS theory of superconductivity, based on the discovery that arbitrarily small attraction between two electrons can give rise to a bound state called a Cooper pair.

In 1957, John Bardeen, in collaboration with Leon Cooper and his doctoral student John Robert Schrieffer, proposed the standard theory of superconductivity known as the BCS theory ( named for their initials ).

BCS theory explains conventional superconductivity, the ability of certain metals at low temperatures to conduct electricity without electrical resistance.

BCS theory views superconductivity as a macroscopic quantum mechanical effect.

File: Bardeen. jpg | John Bardeen ( 1908 – 1991 ): awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor and again in 1972 with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.

This was done successfully by the BCS theory in 1957, from which the penetration depth and the Meissner effect result.

In the BCS framework, superconductivity is a macroscopic effect which results from the condensation of Cooper pairs.

" This will take effect in 2014 if the BCS Presidential Oversight Committee in Washington, D. C. gives its final approval.

Since 1964, there is a discussion about the violation of the principles of quantum physics in explanation of the Josephson effect in the framework of the BCS theory.

It was the first time a BCS bowl matched-up two non-automatic qualifying teams ( i. e. two teams from conferences without automatic BCS bids ) and the first time that two teams who went undefeated faced each other in a BCS game outside of the National Championship.

The game currently matches a team from the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ), usually the conference's champion unless that team either qualifies for the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) ( an exception was made for Hawai ' i, who has an automatic tie-in with the Hawai ' i Bowl if it does not qualify for the BCS, until they left the WAC in 2012 ), with one from the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) and is televised nationally on the ESPN family of networks.

Finally, each BCS stage also makes the simplices not only smaller but " skinnier ", i. e. it tends to increase their aspect ratio ( the ratio between the longest and shortest edge ).

In the BCS condensate all electrons behave coherently, i. e. as one particle.

The original results of BCS ( discussed below ) described an s-wave superconducting state, which is the rule among low-temperature superconductors but is not realized in many unconventional superconductors such as the d-wave high-temperature superconductors.

now known as the BCS state.

In the normal state of a metal, electrons move independently, whereas in the BCS state, they are bound into Cooper pairs by the attractive interaction.

The BCS formalism is based on the reduced potential for the electrons attraction.

BCS derived several important theoretical predictions that are independent of the details of the interaction, since the quantitative predictions mentioned below hold for any sufficiently weak attraction between the electrons and this last condition is fulfilled for many low temperature superconductors-the so-called weak-coupling case.

Other examples include magnetized ferromagnets, which break rotational symmetry, and more exotic states such as the ground state of a BCS superconductor, that breaks U ( 1 ) rotational symmetry.

File: BCS map 2011. png | Map of BCS participants

Initial plans were for the additional BCS bowl game to be held at the site of that year's championship game, such that the additional, non-championship bowl be named after the original bowl ( e. g. the Sugar Bowl when the championship is in New Orleans ), and have the extra game just be called " The National Championship Game ".

Therefore the BCS condensate flowing around a closed path in a multiply connected superconducting sample acquires a phase difference Δφ determined by the magnetic flux Φ < sub > B </ sub > through the area enclosed by the path ( via Stokes ' theorem and ), and given by:

* Physics: Acoustic theory — Antenna theory — Atomic theory — BCS theory — Landau theory — M-theory — Perturbation theory — Theory of relativity ( successor to classical mechanics ) — Quantum field theory — Scattering theory — String theory

), BCS ( May 2008 ) by those active in the field, predominantly members of BCS Health and its constituent groups.

The BCS relies on a combination of polls and computer selection methods to determine relative team rankings, and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games.

The BCS was created to end split championships and for the Champion to win the title on the field between the two teams selected by the BCS.

They were discovered by Yoichiro Nambu in the context of the BCS superconductivity mechanism, and subsequently elucidated by Jeffrey Goldstone, and systematically generalized in the context of quantum field theory.

For quantum field theories in which perturbation theory breaks down at low energies ( for example, Quantum chromodynamics or the BCS theory of superconductivity ) field operators may have non-vanishing vacuum expectation values called condensates.

2010: After a 37 – 20 victory which sent the Ducks to the BCS championship, a group of Duck fans lit on fire a T-shirt saying " I hate your Ducks " over the Beavers logo on the field.

* The Missouri Tigers executed a hook and lateral to set up a field goal in the fourth quarter of their October 23, 2010 regular season victory over the Oklahoma Sooners, who were at the time ranked number one in the BCS standings.

In quantum field theory, the Nambu – Jona-Lasinio model ( or more precisely: the Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model ) is a complicated effective theory of nucleons and mesons constructed from interacting Dirac fermions with chiral symmetry, paralleling the construction of Cooper pairs from electrons in the BCS theory of superconductivity.

The model is much inspired by the different field of solid state theory, particularly from the BCS breakthrough of 1957.

These events included Arizona Cardinals games ; public grand opening tours held August 19 & 20, 2006 ( attended by 120, 000 people ); various shows, expositions, tradeshows and motor sport events ; the Rolling Stones concert November 8 2006 ; the AIA 4A and 5A state championship games for football ( the first high school to win a football championship at the stadium was Cactus Shadows High School of Cave Creek, AZ on December 2, 2006 ); an international soccer exhibition match ; the Fiesta Bowl National Band Championship High School Marching Band competition ( the first marching band to ever play on the field was Foothill High School, from Pleasanton, California on December 29, 2006 ); the Fiesta Bowl January 1, 2007 featuring the Boise State Broncos vs. the University of Oklahoma Sooners ( Boise State won 43-42 in overtime ); and the BCS National Championship January 8, 2007 between the No. 1 Ohio State Buckeyes and the No. 2 University of Florida Gators, which the Gators won 41-14.