After the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln clearly understood that his military decisions would be more effectively carried out by conveying his orders through his War Secretary or his general-in-chief on to his generals, who resented his civilian interference with their own plans.

With the great Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, and the defeat of the Copperheads in the Ohio election in the fall, Lincoln maintained a strong base of party support and was in a strong position to redefine the war effort, despite the New York City draft riots.

In 1863, Confederate general Robert E. Lee's northward advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg.

He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter, the opening battle of the war, and had a pivotal role in the early fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg.

At the start of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863, Doubleday's division was the second infantry division on the field to reinforce the cavalry division of Brig.

Also while in Washington, Doubleday testified against George Meade at the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, criticizing him harshly over his conduct of the Battle of Gettysburg.

The Union Generals Speak: The Meade Hearings on the Battle of Gettysburg.

* 1863 – American Civil War: following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis ( which is refused upon receipt ).

* Battle of Gettysburg was fought July 1 – 3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

( The Battle of Nations ( 1813 ) and the Battle of Gettysburg ( 1863 ) were exceptional in lasting three days.

The Battle of Gettysburg (, with an sound ), was fought July 1 – 3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

Aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg, American Civil War, 1863

It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers ' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Union ( American Civil War ) | Union soldiers dead at Battle of Gettysburg | Gettysburg, photographed by Timothy H. O ' Sullivan, July 5 – 6, 1863Letter of David Wills ( Gettysburg ) | David Wills inviting Abraham Lincoln to make a few remarks, noting that Edward Everett would deliver the oration

Following the July 1 – 3, 1863, Battle of Gettysburg, reburial of Union soldiers from the Gettysburg Battlefield graves began on October 17.

His two sons are killed in the war ; the older Darcy at Gettysburg, and the younger Phil as a member of the Confederate Home Guard during the Battle of Atlanta.

His campaigns were successful and, on 25 July 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique, and straight after was unanimously proclaimed King of the Portuguese by his soldiers, establishing his equality in rank to the other realms of the Peninsula.

War was, however, forced on him and less than a year after his accession the complete defeat of the Turks at Battle of Kozluja led to the humiliating Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca on July 21, 1774.

In the fateful Battle of Ankara, on 20 July 1402, Bayezid was captured by Timur and the Ottoman army was overpowered.

However in July 1797 he had lost an arm at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and had been forced to return to Britain to recuperate.

The Battle of Abritus, also known as the Battle of Forum Terebronii, occurred in the Roman province of Moesia Inferior ( modern Razgrad, Bulgaria ) probably in July, 251, between the Roman Empire and a federation of Scythian tribesmen under the Goth king Cniva.

* First Battle of El Alamein – 1 – 27 July 1942

The Battle of Bouvines, which took place on 27 July 1214, was a medieval battle ending the twelve year old Angevin-Flanders War that was fundamental in the early development of France in the Middle Ages by confirming the French crown's sovereignty over the Angevin lands of Brittany and Normandy.

Other events fell on the same day coincidentally, such as the first day of the Battle of the Somme in 1916 — shortly after which Newfoundland recognized July 1 as Memorial Day to commemorate the Newfoundland Regiment's heavy losses during the battle — and the enactment of the Chinese Immigration Act in 1923 — leading Chinese-Canadians to refer to July 1 as Humiliation Day and boycott Dominion Day celebrations until the act was repealed in 1947.

The army, led by Alonso de Alvarado, was defeated during the Battle of Abancay on July 12, 1537.

When Otho was defeated by Vitellius at the First Battle of Bedriacum however, the armies in Judaea and Egypt took matters into their own hands and declared Vespasian emperor on 1 July 69.

Ayub Khan, who had been serving as governor of Herat, rose in revolt, defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Maiwand in July 1880 and besieged Kandahar.

After a series of brilliant manoeuvres the Imperial commander defeated Catinat at the Battle of Carpi on 9 July.

The Crown Prince, however, succeeded in effecting the retreat in good order, and in the decisive Battle of Königgratz ( 3 July 1866 ) he held the extreme left of the Austrian position.

The First Battle of El Alamein ( 1 – 27 July 1942 ) was a battle of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War, fought between Axis forces ( Germany and Italy ) of the Panzer Army Africa ( Panzerarmee Afrika ) commanded by Field Marshal ( Generalfeldmarschall ) Erwin Rommel, and Allied ( specifically, British Imperial ) forces ( Britain, British India, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand ) of the British Eighth Army commanded by General Claude Auchinleck.

The Western Desert Battle Area, July 1942

Since July 2007, following the 2006 Palestinian legislative election and the following Battle of Gaza, Hamas has functioned as the de-facto ruler in the Gaza Strip, forming an alternative Hamas Government in Gaza.

A British relief force was defeated in the naval Battle of Grenada on 6 July 1779.

On April 1, 1865, Grant successfully outflanked Lee's forces in the Battle of Five Forks and nearly encircled Petersburg, and the Confederate government evacuated Richmond.

* 1388 – Despite being outnumbered 16 to 1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Näfels.

* 1818 – In the Battle of Maipú, Chile's independence movement – led by Bernardo O ' Higgins and José de San Martín – win a decisive victory over Spain, leaving 2, 000 Spaniards and 1, 000 Chilean patriots dead.

A classic use of an abatis was found at the Battle of the Chateauguay, 26 October 1813, when approximately 1, 300 Canadian voltigeurs, under the command of Charles-Michel de Salaberry, defeated an American corps of approximately 2, 300 men.

Montgomery served at the Battle of Passchendaele in Autumn 1917 before finishing the war as General Staff Officer 1 and effectively chief of staff of the 47th ( 2nd London ) Division, with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel.

The Battle of the Nile ( also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay, in French as the Bataille d ' Aboukir or in Egyptian Arabic as معركة أبي قير البحرية ) was a major naval battle fought between British and French fleets at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt from 1 – 3 August 1798.

The Battle of the Nile: Destruction of ' L ' Orient ', 1 August 1798, Mather Brown, 1825, National Maritime Museum

The Battle of Adwa ( usually known as Adowa, or sometimes by the Italian name Adua ) was fought on 1 March 1896 between Ethiopia and Italy near the town of Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray.

The last substantive and successful classical cavalry charge of the war that made on March 1, 1945 during the Battle of Schoenfeld by the 1st " Warsaw " Independent Cavalry Brigade.

On 1 March 1913 he received the appointment of Rear-Admiral Commanding the First Battle Cruiser Squadron.

" On 1 September Eugene defeated Catinat's successor, Marshal Villeroi, at the Battle of Chiari, in a clash as destructive as any in the Italian theatre.

Albert took a leading part in the operations which preceded the battle of Sedan, the 4th army being the pivot on which the whole army wheeled round in pursuit of Mac-Mahon ; and the actions of Buzancy and Beaumont on 29 and 30 August 1870 were fought under his direction ; in the Battle of Sedan itself ( 1 September 1870 ), with the troops under his orders, Albert carried out the envelopment of the French on the east and north.

The result was the Battle of Adwa ( or Adowa ) on March 1, 1896.

:* Battle of Jonesborough, August 31-September 1, 1864, Sherman successfully cut the railroad lines from the south into Atlanta.