The British and other replies to that Moscow note pointed out efforts of the Communist authorities `` to integrate East Berlin into East Germany by isolating it from the outside and attempting to make it the capital of East Germany ''.

In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding those three countries ' zones in Berlin, while the Marxist-Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany.

Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British, and French airlines.

Since 1999, the German parliament has again assembled in Berlin in its original Reichstag building, which dates from the 1890s and underwent a significant renovation under the lead of British architect Sir Norman Foster.

Military forces in non-Soviet Berlin sectors totaled only 8, 973 Americans, 7, 606 British and 6, 100 French.

A second reason Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin — the American / British / French-controlled democratic zone within Communist East Germany — into the Soviet orbit.

The British wanted Berlin but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit.

The official birth of the term " stab-in-the-back " itself possibly can be dated to the autumn of 1919, when Ludendorff was dining with the head of the British Military Mission in Berlin, British general Sir Neill Malcolm.

The American, British and French sectors became West Berlin, a part strongly associated with West Germany but a free city.

At the British Bomber Command, Dyson and colleagues proposed ripping out two gun turrets from the RAF Lancaster bombers, to cut the catastrophic losses to German fighters in the Battle of Berlin.

British philosopher Isaiah Berlin listed Fichte, along with his fellow German idealist G. W. F.

Earlier, speaking of Ribbentrop's activities and of the views of his British friends, Leopold von Hoesch, the German Ambassador in London from 1932 – 36, warned that Berlin should "... not pay any attention to the Londonderrys and Lothians, who in no way represented any important section of British opinion ".

Almost all of the initially favourable reports Ribbentrop provided to Berlin about the alliance's prospects were based on friendly remarks about the " New Germany " from various British aristocrats like Lord Londonderry and Lord Lothian ; the rather cool reception that Ribbentrop received from British Cabinet ministers and senior bureaucrats did not make much of an impression on him at first.

Neville Chamberlain's European Policy in 1939 was based upon creating a " peace front " of alliances linking Western and Eastern European states to serve as a " tripwire " meant to deter any act of German aggression The new “ containment ” strategy adopted in March 1939 comprised giving firm warnings to Berlin, increasing the pace of British rearmament and attempting to form an interlocking network of alliances that would block German aggression anywhere in Europe by creating such a formidable deterrence to aggression that Hitler could not rationally chose that option.

On the night of 30 – 31 August 1939, Ribbentrop had an extremely heated exchange with the British Ambassador, Sir Nevile Henderson, who objected to Ribbentrop's demand, given at about midnight, that if a Polish plenipotentiary did not arrive in Berlin that night to discuss the German " final offer ", then the responsibility for the outbreak of war would not rest on the Reich.

" As intended by Ribbentrop, the narrow time limit for acceptance of the " final offer " made it impossible for the British government to contact the Polish government in time about the German offer, let alone for the Poles to arrange for a Polish plenipotentiary envoy to arrive in Berlin that night, thereby allowing Ribbentrop to claim that the Poles had rejected the German " final offer ".

As it was, a special meeting of the British cabinet called to consider the " final offer ", they declined to pass on the message to Warsaw under the grounds this was not a serious proposal on the part of Berlin.

The British historian D. C. Watt wrote " Two hours later, Berlin Radio broadcast the sixteen points, adding that Poland had rejected them.

He joined the Anglo-German Fellowship, which was supported both by the British and German Nazi governments, and made many trips to Berlin.

In February 1912 the British war minister, Viscount Haldane, came to Berlin to discuss possible limits to naval expansion.

The 17th and 18th centuries include what is known as a golden age of libraries ; during this some of the more important libraries were founded in Europe, such as the Bodleian Library at Oxford, the British Museum Library in London, the Mazarine Library and the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris, the Austrian National Library in Vienna, the National Central Library in Florence, the Prussian State Library in Berlin, the Załuski Library in Warsaw and the M. E.

* Corbett, Major-General Sir Robert, Berlin and the British Ally, 1945-1990, ( Privately published by Sir Robert in Oerlinghausen, 1991 )

Though Walter Ulbricht, by grace of Soviet tanks, may be head man in East Germany, that does not give him any right to usurp the government of East Berlin or to absorb that semi-city into the Soviet zone.

For some time the Communists honored the distinction between the Soviet zone of Germany and the Soviet sector of Berlin by promulgating separately the laws for the two areas.

That this and the closing of the East Berlin-West Berlin border have not been accepted by the Western governments appears in notes which Britain, France, and the United States sent to Moscow after the latter's gratuitous protest over a visit of Chancellor Adenauer and other West German officials to West Berlin.

Meanwhile, in Moscow, Khrushchev was adding his bit to the march of world law by promising to build a bomb with a wallop equal to 100 million tons of TNT, to knock sense into the heads of those backward oafs who can't see the justice of surrendering West Berlin to communism.

The evident contradiction between the rosy picture of Russia's progress painted by the Communist party's program and the enormous dangers for all humanity posed by Premier Khrushchev's Berlin policy has already led to speculation abroad that the program may be severely altered.

The West Berlin crisis is being played up artificially because it is needed by the United States to justify its arms drive ''.

Berlin is merely being used by Moscow as a stalking horse.

The weekly loss is partly counterbalanced by 500 arrivals each week from West Germany, but the hard truth, says Crossman, is that `` The closing off of East Berlin without interference from the West and with the use only of East German, as distinct from Russian, troops was a major Communist victory, which dealt West Berlin a deadly, possibly a fatal, blow.

Four billion dollars of the spending increase is for defense, an expenditure necessitated by the penny-wise policies of the Eisenhhower Administration, quite apart from the recent crises in Berlin and elsewhere.

In Berlin he published his views of the chemical laws of nature in German and this was issued in French translation ( Paris, 1813 ) under the title Recherches Sur l'identite Des Forces chimiques et electriques, a work held in very high esteem by the new generation of research chemists.

Salinger said the work President Kennedy, advisers, and members of his staff were doing on the address involved composition and wording, rather than last minute decisions on administration plans to meet the latest Berlin crisis precipitated by Russia's demands and proposals for the city.

The Secretary of State has also solemnly repeated a warning to the Soviet Union that the United States will not stand for another setback in Berlin, an affirmation once again taken up by the council as a whole.

* 1882 – The " Elektromote " – forerunner of the trolleybus – is tested by Ernst Werner von Siemens in Berlin.

As Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Statue by Rudolf Siemering ( 1835 Königsberg-1905 Berlin )

It has been edited by G. Waitz and published in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores, Band xxvi ( Hanover and Berlin, 1826 – 1892 ).

Several of Alexander's works were published in the Aldine edition of Aristotle, Venice, 1495 – 1498 ; his De Fato and De Anima were printed along with the works of Themistius at Venice ( 1534 ); the former work, which has been translated into Latin by Grotius and also by Schulthess, was edited by J. C. Orelli, Zürich, 1824 ; and his commentaries on the Metaphysica by H. Bonitz, Berlin, 1847.

Following the Leipzig premiere, the opera was presented in Berlin in December 1931 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm conducted by Alexander von Zemlinsky with Lotte Lenya as Jenny, Trude Hesterberg as Begbick, and Harald Paulsen as Jimmy.

Other productions within Europe waited until the end of the Second World War, some notable ones being in January 1963 in London at Sadler's Wells Opera conducted by Colin Davis and in Berlin in September 1977 by the Komische Oper.

Maj. Gen. George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac, in pursuit of the Lee's broken army, decided to try to flank the Confederate army by crossing the river east of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Harpers Ferry and Berlin, Maryland, into the Loudoun Valley and then forcing a passage across the Blue Ridge in Lee's rear.

Maj. Gen. Shlomo " Chich " Lahat (; born November 9, 1927 in Berlin ) is a former Israeli general and politician.