Left: just before the appearance of a Bose – Einstein condensate.

A Bose – Einstein condensate ( BEC ) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero.

This state of matter was first predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924 – 25.

A record cold temperature of 450 ± 80 pK in a Bose – Einstein condensate ( BEC ) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT.

It can also be found in Fermi – Dirac statistics ( for particles of half-integer spin ) and Bose – Einstein statistics ( for particles of integer spin ).

At very low temperatures in the vicinity of absolute zero, matter exhibits many unusual properties, including superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose – Einstein condensation.

Note that the above formula is only applicable to classical ideal gases and not Bose – Einstein or Fermi gases.

In the classical limit, i. e. at large values of or at small density of states — when wave functions of particles practically do not overlap — both the Bose – Einstein or Fermi – Dirac distribution become the Boltzmann distribution.

Velocity-distribution data of a gas of rubidium atoms, confirming the discovery of a new phase of matter, the Bose – Einstein condensate.

Left: just before the appearance of a Bose – Einstein condensate.

A Bose – Einstein condensate ( BEC ) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero ( or ).

This state of matter was first predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924 – 25.

The result of the efforts of Bose and Einstein is the concept of a Bose gas, governed by Bose – Einstein statistics, which describes the statistical distribution of identical particles with integer spin, now known as bosons.

Examples include Hamming codes, Reed – Solomon, Reed – Muller, Walsh – Hadamard, Bose – Chaudhuri – Hochquenghem, Turbo, Golay, Goppa, low-density parity-check codes, and space – time codes.

* 1943 – Subhas Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair.

* 1971 – The All India Forward Bloc holds an emergency central committee meeting after its chairman, Hemantha Kumar Bose, is killed 3 days earlier.

Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta ( now called photons ).

Einstein was impressed, translated the paper himself from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik which published it.

Bose first sent a paper to Einstein on the quantum statistics of light quanta ( now called photons ).

Einstein was impressed, translated the paper himself from English to German and submitted it for Bose to the Zeitschrift für Physik, which published it ( The Einstein manuscript, once believed to be lost, was found in a library at Leiden University in 2005 .).

In 1995, a gas of rubidium atoms cooled down to a temperature of 170 nK was used to experimentally realize the Bose-Einstein condensate, a novel state of matter originally predicted by S. N. Bose and Albert Einstein, wherein a large number of atoms occupy a single quantum state.

Fermions contrast with bosons which obey Bose – Einstein statistics.

Distinct phases may be described as different states of matter such as gas, liquid, solid, plasma or Bose – Einstein condensate.

Integer spin particles, bosons, are not subject to the Pauli exclusion principle: any number of identical bosons can occupy the same quantum state, as with, for instance, photons produced by a laser and Bose – Einstein condensate.

:: this is employed in calculating the critical temperature for a Bose – Einstein condensate in a box with periodic boundary conditions, and for spin wave physics in magnetic systems.

Mead cites as the gross evidence of the exclusively wave nature of both light and matter the discovery between 1933 and 1996 of ten examples of pure wave phenomena, including the ubiquitous laser of CD players, the self-propagating electrical currents of superconductors, and the Bose – Einstein condensate of atoms.

These properties are explained by the theory that the common isotope helium-4 forms a Bose – Einstein condensate ( see next section ) in the superfluid state.

Velocity in a gas of rubidium as it is cooled: the starting material is on the left, and Bose – Einstein condensate is on the right.

In 1924, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Nath Bose predicted the " Bose-Einstein condensate " ( BEC ), sometimes referred to as the fifth state of matter.

* 1995 – Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman create the first Bose – Einstein condensate, using a dilute gas of Rubidium-87 cooled to 170 nK.

He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose – Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose – Einstein condensate.

Thus a noninteracting Fermi gas, unlike a Bose gas, is prohibited from condensing into a Bose-Einstein condensate, although interacting Fermi gases might.

This led to the prediction of the existence of phenomena which became known as Bose-Einstein condensate, a dense collection of bosons ( which are particles with integer spin, named after Bose ), which was demonstrated to exist by experiment in 1995.

# REDIRECT Bose – Einstein condensate

) Superfluidity in liquid He4 is related to a partial Bose – Einstein condensate.

Carl Edwin Wieman ( born March 26, 1951 ) is an American physicist at the University of British Columbia and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the production, in 1995 with Eric Allin Cornell, of the first true Bose – Einstein condensate.

* A Bose – Einstein condensate ( BEC ) is a collection of boson atoms that are all in the same quantum state.

# REDIRECT Bose – Einstein condensate

Gandhi had not only moderated the views of younger men like Subhas Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru, who sought a demand for immediate independence, but also reduced his own call to a one year wait, instead of two.

In momentum space the exclusion principle is valid also for finite repulsion in a Bose gas with delta function interactions, as well as for interacting spins and Hubbard model in one dimension, and for other models solvable by Bethe ansatz.

Subhas Chandra Bose also said about Vivekananda, " His personality was rich, profound and complex ... Reckless in his sacrifice, unceasing in his activity, boundless in his love, profound and versatile in his wisdom, exuberant in his emotions, merciless in his attacks but yet simple as a child, he was a rare personality in this world of ours.

Bose attended Hindu School in Calcutta, and later attended Presidency College, also in Calcutta, earning the highest marks at each institution while fellow student Meghnad Saha came second.

The video to that song also became one of the most widely seen Spanish music videos, with Bose playing both a Superman style superhero and an Indiana Jones type of adventurer in it.

A youth wing of the INA, composed of 45 Young Indians personally chosen by Bose and affectionately known as the Tokyo Boys, were also sent to Japan's Imperial Military Academy to train as fighter pilots.

This apparently unusual property also gives rise to the special state of matter – Bose Einstein Condensate.

Bose ’ s education started in a vernacular school, because his father believed that one must know one's own mother tongue before beginning English, and that one should know also one's own people.

Finally both the Director of Public Instruction and the Principal of the Presidency College fully realised the value of Bose ’ s skill in teaching and also his lofty character.

Bose also recorded his attitude towards patents in his inaugural lecture at the foundation of the Bose Institute on 30 November 1917.

The North American 1995 Maxima included a Bose Sound System on the GLE ( optional on the SE ) which had a 6 speaker sound system, a Clarion system was also an option ( non-Bose ).

The great banyan tree, Acharya J. C. Bose Botanical Garden, Shibpur in the logo also reflects the nature of such proposition.

Dr. Mookerjee supported the partition of Bengal in 1946 to prevent the inclusion of its Hindu-majority areas in a Muslim-dominated East Pakistan ; he also opposed a failed bid for a united but independent Bengal made in 1947 by Sarat Bose, the brother of Subhas Chandra Bose and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a Bengali Muslim politician.

Bose may also refer to:

It also had a Bose surround system – a first for SUVs.

154 letters of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose written to his nephew Sri Asok Nath Bose and letters to Sarat Chandra Bose are also available in the collection.

Bose has also conducted research into automotive suspension technologies and cold fusion Opinions vary regarding the quality of Bose products.

The Bose Levu Vakaturaga is a formal assembly of Fijian hereditary chiefs, along with a number of specially qualified commoners, chosen mainly by Fiji's provincial councils, which also has a constitutional role in functioning as an electoral college to elect the President of the republic, as well as 14 of the 32 Senators.