Western icons, which are not usually so termed, were largely patterned on Byzantine works, and equally conventional in composition and depiction.

In particular, his ideas on the Byzantine connections and organic development of Romanian civilization were welcomed by both the Gândirists and some representatives of more conventional modernism.

Under the restraint of ecclesiastical domination Byzantine art became more and more stereotyped and conventional.

First, there is the truly conventional miniature following the Byzantine model, the subjects being generally the portraits of the Four Evangelists, or portraits of the emperors themselves: the figures formal ; the pages brilliantly colored and gilded, generally set in architectural surroundings of a fixed type, and devoid of landscape in the real sense of the word.

While the Byzantine army held the Muslim forces in Southern Syria, and had expected the reinforcement from the conventional Syria-Arabia road in South, Khalid, who was in Iraq, marched through the Syrian desert and entered Northern Syria, completely taking the Byzantines by surprise, cutting off their communications with Northern Syria.

The circular base of the dome is not carried, in the conventional way, by pendentives formed above the arches of the square, but on a circle formed by eight arches that spring from eight of the twelve columns, cutting across each corner in the manner of the Byzantine squinch.

The Unknown Archon is a conventional name given by historians to the Serbian leader who led the White Serbs from their homeland to settle in the Balkans after 610, during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius ( 610 – 641 ).

Menas, diverting from conventional Byzantine tactics, decided to face Khalid and destroy the leading elements of the Muslim army before the main body could join them at Hazir, east of Chalcis.

Armoured cavalry such as the Byzantine cataphract were used as shock troops — they would charge the main body of the enemy and, in many cases, their actions decided the outcome of the battle, hence the later term " battle cavalry ".

Although the term " Greek fire " has been general in English and most other languages since the Crusades, in the original Byzantine sources it is called by a variety of names, such as " sea fire " (), " Roman fire " (), " war fire " (), " liquid fire " (), or " manufactured fire " ().

In the most common usage of the term, some civil rulers are leaders of the dominant religion ( e. g., the Byzantine emperor as patron of the head of the official Church ); the government claims to rule on behalf of God or a higher power, as specified by the local religion, and divine approval of government institutions and laws.

The term Varangian remained in usage in the Byzantine Empire until the 13th century, largely disconnected from its Scandinavian roots by then.

Because of this, after AD 610 the East Roman Empire is customarily referred to as the Byzantine Empire ( the term Byzantine is a modern term invented by historians in the 18th century ; the people of the Empire itself always referred to themselves as " Ρωμιούς " – in English, Romious ).

Twelfth-century Byzantine scholar Eustathius of Thessalonica postulated a more brutal and literalist reading of the term loved, however, maintaining that Achilles actually committed an act of necrophilia on her corpse as a final insult to her.

The term retained its standard usage in the Greek language throughout the Middle Ages, as it was widely used by the Byzantine Greeks until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

The term Pseudo-Psellos is also used in modern scholarship to describe the authorship of several later works that are believed to have been falsely ascribed to Psellos in Byzantine times.

Byzantine art is the term created for the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Divine Liturgy (,,,,,, ) is the common term for the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine tradition of Christian liturgy.

Historians have customarily treated the state of these later Eastern emperors under the name " Byzantine Empire ", though Byzantine is not a term that the Byzantines ever used to describe themselves.

The term Exarch most commonly refers to the Exarch of Italy, who governed the area of Italy and Dalmatia, still remaining under Byzantine control after the Lombard invasion of 568.

Historically, the term Greek Orthodox has also been used to describe all Eastern Orthodox Churches, since " Greek " in " Greek Orthodox " can refer to the Greek heritage of the Byzantine Empire.

The cataphracts deployed by the Byzantine Empire ( most noticeably after the 7th century, when Late Latin ceased to be the official language of the empire ) were exclusively referred to as Kataphraktoi, due to the Byzantine Empire's strong Greek influence, as opposed to the Romanized term Cataphractos, which subsequently fell out of use.

The previously mentioned term Clibanarii ( possibly representing a distinct class of cavalry from the cataphract ) was brought to the fore in the 10th and 11th centuries of the Byzantine Empire, known in Byzantine Greek as Klibanophoros, which appeared to be a throwback to the super-heavy cavalry of earlier antiquity.

The major issue of his term would, however, be the emerging Byzantine Iconoclasm, propagated by Leo III the Isaurian.

This Byzantine depiction of St. Christopher as dog-headed resulted from their misinterpretation of the Latin term Cananeus to read canineus, that is, " canine.

He was the first Byzantine emperor to use the term " autocrator " () on coinage to celebrate the ending of his thirty-three years as co-emperor.

The form Nazara is also found in the earliest non-scriptural reference to the town, a citation by Sextus Julius Africanus dated about 221 CE ( see " Middle Roman to Byzantine Periods " below ).

An unwise reference by the pope to Nikephoros II Phokas, the ruler in Constantinople, as " Greek " in a letter while Otto's ambassador, Liudprand of Cremona, was in the Byzantine court, had destroyed the first round of negotiations.

Its honorific title is Συμπρωτεύουσα ( Symprotévusa ), literally " co-capital ", and stands as a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα ( Symvasilévousa ), " co-reigning " city of the Byzantine Empire, alongside Constantinople.

Between 400 CE and the 16th century the Byzantine sources use the name Σκΰθαι in reference to twelve different Turkic peoples.

Byzantine writers also report that Emperor Michael III ( r. 842 – 867 ) once angrily called Photios " Khazar-faced ", but whether this was a generic insult or a reference to his ethnicity is unclear.

The first recorded reference to fiddles in Europe was in the 9th century by the Persian geographer Ibn Khurradadhbih ( d. 911 ) describing the lira ( lūrā ) as a typical instrument within the Byzantine Empire.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite, he is known as " Joseph the all-comely ", a reference not only to his physical appearance, but more importantly to the beauty of his spiritual life.

The first European literary reference to the stirrup is in the Strategikon of the Byzantine Emperor Maurice, written sometime between 575 and 628 AD.

This building served as a point of reference for builders ( and for art historians ) for the birth of the Arab plan, as Byzantine Christian.

The first authoritative reference to the Slavs and their mythology in written history was made by the 6th century Byzantine historian Procopius, whose Bellum Gothicum described the beliefs of a South Slavic tribe that crossed the Danube heading south in just two days.

The name of the city means " Hill Tower " in Romanian, in reference to the defense-wall tower of a fort built on the spot by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I in 6th century ( ruins of the facilities can still be seen ).

Grivas ( who was believed to be a CIA agent along with Nikos Sampson ) assumed the nom de guerre Digenis in reference to the Byzantine Digenis Akritas, who repelled invaders from the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages.

" al-Rumi " (" from Rûm ") refers to his Greek ( Byzantine ) descent ; " al-Hamawi " is taken after Hama, Syria, and ibn-Abdullah is a reference to his father's name, Abdullah.

What was in fact a radical redefinition of legal boundaries had to make occasional reference to Byzantine norms ( the traditional laws in the two Principalities ), due to resistance from conservative boyars in the Assembly ( the Sfat ).

Greek merchants from the Byzantine Empire founded Σουγδαία ( a reference to Sogdia ) in the 3rd century.

Greek music developed around the Balkans as a synthesis of elements of the music of the various areas of the Greek mainland and the Greek islands, with Greek Orthodox ecclesiastical chant, and a reference to music of Crete and Byzantine music.

The use of the name " Chaonia " in reference to the region apparently died out during the 12th century, the last time it is recorded ( in a Byzantine tax collection document ).

Interesting is the reference of Symeon Metaphrastes ( the largest of the Byzantine historians ), which says that Samian Sibyl existed when the city of Byzantium was built, the famous ancient colony of the Megarians, which was converted by Constantine the Great into the capital of the empire, after having rebuilt, and was called Constantinople.

Due to this he is sometimes called " The English Justinian ", a reference to the Byzantine Emperor.

Some of his contemporaries observed that he appeared to be " painting with a broom ", in reference to the bold, broad execution in some of his finest frescos ( see St. Makarios of Egypt ), which are unique in the larger Byzantine tradition.

The oldest written reference dates from the Byzantine period.

The term Tsakonas or Tzakonas first emerges in the writings of Byzantine chroniclers who derive the ethnonym from a corruption of Lakonas, a Laconian / Lacedaemonian ( Spartan )-a reference to the Doric roots of the Tsakonian language and the people's relatively late conversion to Christianity and practice of pagan Hellenic customs.

The great modern Greek poet Constantine Cavafy includes a reference to Irene Doukaina in his poem " A Byzantine Nobleman in Exile Composing Verses ", which refers to Doukaina " that viper Irini Doukaina " and that as the cause of the titular nobleman's exile, " may she be cursed ".