Under typical conditions found in stellar plasmas, catalytic hydrogen burning by the CNO cycles is limited by proton captures.

This problem was solved, in principle, according to Dr. Bussard by use of the stellar CNO cycle in which carbon is used as a catalyst to burn hydrogen via the strong nuclear reaction.

This explosive stellar nucleosynthesis begins with the hot CNO cycle which quickly yields to the rp-process.

This cycle is now recognized as the first part of the larger CNO nuclear burning network.

Above this mass, in the upper main sequence, the nuclear fusion process mainly uses atoms of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries in the CNO cycle that produces helium from hydrogen atoms.

The dependence of the hydrogen fusion rate on temperature and pressure means that it is only when it is compressed and heated at the surface of the white dwarf to a temperature of some 20 million kelvin that a nuclear fusion reaction occurs ; at these temperatures, hydrogen burns via the CNO cycle.

Most of the energy produced at Vega's core is generated by the carbon – nitrogen – oxygen cycle ( CNO cycle ), a nuclear fusion process that combines protons to form helium nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

The successive nuclear fusion processes which occur inside stars are known as hydrogen burning ( via the proton-proton chain or the CNO cycle ), helium burning, carbon burning, neon burning, oxygen burning and silicon burning.

In stars more than 1. 3 times the mass of the Sun, the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium occurs via CNO cycle instead of the proton-proton chain.

Hubble Space Telescope images revealed a nebula surrounding the progenitor star which consisted of mass lost by the star long before it exploded ; IUE studies of this material showed that it was rich in nitrogen, which is formed in the CNO cycle – a chain of nuclear reactions which produces most of the energy emitted by stars much more massive than the Sun.

The CNO cycle ( for carbon – nitrogen – oxygen ) is one of two sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton – proton chain.

Some fraction of elements beyond helium were created in the Big Bang, as the protons and neutrons collided with each other ( lithium, beryllium, and perhaps some boron ), but all of the " heavier elements " ( heavier than carbon, element number 6 ) that we see today, were created inside of stars during a series of fusion stages, such as the proton-proton chain, the CNO cycle and the triple-alpha process.

The proton – proton chain reaction is one of several fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the primary alternative being the CNO cycle.

The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive, which results in a convection zone about the core that evenly distributes the ' ash ' from the fusion reaction within the core region.

However Daniel P. Whitmire's 1975 analysis indicates that a ramjet may achieve net power via the CNO cycle, which produces fusion at a much higher rate (~ 10 < sup > 16 </ sup > times higher ) than the proton-proton chain.

Hydrogen fusion can occur in a stable manner on the surface through the CNO cycle, causing the enormous amount of energy liberated by this process to blow the remaining gases away from the white dwarf's surface.

In massive stars ( greater than about 1. 5 solar masses ), the core temperature is above about 1. 8 × 10 < sup > 7 </ sup > K, so hydrogen-to-helium fusion occurs primarily via the CNO cycle.

The energy generation in main-sequence B-type stars comes from the CNO cycle of thermonuclear fusion.

A nova results from runaway hydrogen fusion ( via the CNO cycle ) in the outer layer of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf star.

In higher mass stars, the dominant process is the CNO cycle, which is a catalytic cycle that uses nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries to produce a helium nucleus.

This ejection process uncovers in succession, first the nitrogen-rich products of CNO cycle burning of hydrogen ( WN stars ), and later the carbon-rich layer due to He burning ( WC and WO stars ).

The CNO process is very temperature sensitive, so the core is very hot but the temperature falls off rapidly.

Fomalhaut holds a special significance in extrasolar planet research, as it is the center of the first stellar system with an extrasolar planet ( Fomalhaut b ) imaged at visible wavelengths.

Corrections due to special relativity ( stellar aberration ) made use of the corresponding satellite velocity.

The team was given a special award by the City Council of Chicago and Mayor Daley for representing Chicago in such a stellar fashion during the 2006 / 2007 FRC season.

Upon completing his thesis, Mayor decided to develop a special spectrograph, CORAVEL, to measure stellar radial velocity.

He was also the author of many books, and his book Physik der Sternatmosphären mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sonne was a bible for quantitative stellar spectroscopy and related fields, with special emphasis on the Sun.

It is divided into chapters covering the history of the setting ; a description of the conditions, economy, and technology of the 26th century ; descriptions of the various stellar nations within a range of over 1, 000 light years ; a more detailed look at a mysterious distant region known as the Verge, and finally game-specific details covering the player species, careers, employment, skills, equipment, and special game options available for players.

coloured marker, chemical, nuclear devices ; high explosive anti-tank ( HEAT ) and canister may be considered special types of bursting shell.

The reason is that this treatment requires nuclear radiological expertise and facilities, since the animal's urine, sweat, saliva, and stool are radioactive for several days after the treatment, requiring special inpatient handling and facilities usually for a total of 3 weeks ( first week in total isolation and the next two weeks in close confinement ).

The process of alpha decay is in essence a special type of spontaneous nuclear fission.

In 1982, a special issue of Ambio devoted to the possible environmental consequences of nuclear war included a paper by Crutzen and Birks anticipating the nuclear winter scenario.

Military usage includes attacking enemy surface ships or submarines, aircraft carrier protection, blockade running, ballistic missile submarines as part of a nuclear strike force, reconnaissance, conventional land attack ( for example using a cruise missile ), and covert insertion of special forces.

ABC, Hume and Papazian realized that for the scene depicting the nuclear blast, they would have to use state-of-the-art special effects and they took the first step by hiring some of the best special effects people in the business to draw up some storyboards for the complicated blast scene.

The government, nervous of how it would be portrayed, didn't allow the production to use stock footage of nuclear explosions in the film, so ABC hired special effects creators.

The special effects and realistic portrayal of nuclear war received praise.

If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or ( in special circumstances ) an explosion.

In addition, most of its special nuclear material would be removed and consolidated at a more central, yet-to-be-named site.

On September 30, 2009, the NNSA announced that about two thirds of the special nuclear material ( e. g., plutonium ) at LLNL requiring the highest level of security protection had been removed from LLNL.

The move was part of NNSA's efforts initiated in October 2006 to consolidate special nuclear material at five sites by 2012, with significantly reduced square footage at those sites by 2017.

* Disaster Film-Having elements of thriller and sometimes science fiction films, the main conflict of this genre is some sort of natural or artificial disaster, such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, etc., or nuclear disasters that are shown with heavy action scenes, special effects, over the top destruction and, in modern day, use of CGI.

In 1982, at a special session of General Assembly of United Nations, the USSR pledged not to use nuclear weapons first, regardless of whether its opponents possessed nuclear weapons or not.

Due to possible applications in nuclear technologies, ICP-MS hardware is a subject for special exporting regulations.

By a special Act of Congress, his date of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the Trinity nuclear test.

By special Act of Congress his date of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the Trinity nuclear test.

However, US intelligence photos in early 1993 led the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) to demand special inspection of the North's nuclear facilities, which prompted Kim Il Sung's March 1993 announcement of North Korea's withdrawal from the NPT.

There was a perception in Washington that the value of what is called ' special nuclear material ' - plutonium or highly enriched uranium ( HEU )-was so enormous that the strict financial accountability of the private contractors who dealt with it would be enough to protect it from falling into the wrong hands.

The NRC's mission is to regulate the nation's civilian use of byproduct, source, and special nuclear materials to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety, to promote the common defense and security, and to protect the environment.

A Minox B, operated by remote trigger and protected in a special housing, was used to inspect the interior of the United States Army's SL-1 experimental nuclear reactor after it experienced an internal steam explosion in 1961.