Calculus ( Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting ) is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series.

Calculus has widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.

ISBN 978-0-471-26987-8 Calculus and Pizza: A Math Cookbook for the Hungry Mind.

Calculus for a New Century ; A Pump, Not a Filter, The Association, Stony Brook, NY.

* Elements of Calculus I and Calculus II for Business, OpenCourseWare from the University of Notre Dame with activities, exams and interactive applets.

Conjoining hedonism, as a view as to what is good for people, to utilitarianism has the result that all action should be directed toward achieving the greatest total amount of happiness ( Hedonic Calculus ).

After the progress of the war induced him to flee Berlin for the rural Allgäu, where he could not do any hardware work, he designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül (" Plan Calculus "), in 1945 / 6.

The key insights on how to introduce lexical scoping into a Lisp dialect were popularized in Sussman and Steele's 1975 Lambda Paper, " Scheme: An Interpreter for Extended Lambda Calculus ",

SCHEME: An Interpreter for Extended Lambda Calculus AI Memo 349, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 1975.

Until then, no one envisioned the possibility that infinities come in different sizes, and moreover, mathematicians had no use for “ actual infinity .” The arguments using infinity, including the Differential Calculus of Newton and Leibniz, do not require the use of infinite sets.

* Finite Calculus: A Tutorial for Solving Nasty Sums

In his " Feasibly Constructive Proofs and the Propositional Calculus " paper published in 1975, he introduced the equational theory PV ( standing for Polynomial-time Verifiable ) to formalize the notion of proofs using only polynomial-time concepts.

* Proposal for a New Error Calculus

Plankalkül (, " Plan Calculus ") is a computer language designed for engineering purposes by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945.

Minimal requirements for MST students include courses in algebra, trigonometry, calculus ( including mandatory AP Calculus ), biology, chemistry and computer programming.

This was for Calculus having committed sacrilege for wearing the bracelet of Rascar Capac.

* Keenan, David C. ( 2001 ) " To Dissect a Mockingbird: A Graphical Notation for the Lambda Calculus with Animated Reduction.

* Models and Managers: The Concept of a Decision Calculus, in Management Science: A Journal of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, 16 ( 8 ): 466-4855, 1970

Calculus is detrimental to gingival health because it serves as a trap for increased plaque formation and retention ; thus, calculus, along with everything else that causes a localized build-up of plaque, is referred to as a secondary etiology of periodontitis.

He is best remembered for having written along with Warren McCulloch, a seminal paper entitled " A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity " ( 1943 ).

In The Calculus Affair, for example, she provides a diversion to distract the sinister Colonel Sponsz so that Tintin and Captain Haddock can escape and rescue their friend Calculus.

One of the earliest group automorphisms ( automorphism of a group, not simply a group of automorphisms of points ) was given by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1856, in his Icosian Calculus, where he discovered an order two automorphism, writing:

* Calculus Made Easy ( 1914 ) by Silvanus P. Thompson Full text in PDF

* Calculus Problems and Solutions by D. A. Kouba

An oblique reference to Epimenides in the context of logic appears in " The Logical Calculus " by W. E. Johnson, Mind ( New Series ), volume 1, number 2 ( April, 1892 ), pages 235 – 250.

With the aid of the studio, Hergé managed to produce The Calculus Affair from 1954 until 1956, followed by The Red Sea Sharks in 1956 to 1957.

There is no actual organization that goes by the name Knights of the Lambda Calculus ; it mostly only exists as a hacker culture in-joke.

The Treatise on Differential Equations appeared in 1859, and was followed, the next year, by a Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Differences, a sequel to the former work.

Calculus is of vital importance in physics: many physical processes are described by equations involving derivatives, called differential equations.

* The Calculus of Consent by James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock

In the United States, the TI-89 is allowed by the College Board on all calculator-permitted tests, including the SAT, some SAT Subject Tests and the AP Calculus, Chemistry, and Statistics exams.

:* The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, by James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, at the Library of Economics and Liberty

One of the earliest presentations of a group by generators and relations was given by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1856, in his Icosian Calculus – a presentation of the icosahedral group.

Despite concerns and skepticism of other teachers, who feel that " you can't teach logarithms to illiterates ," Escalante nonetheless develops a program in which his students can eventually take AP Calculus by their senior year, which will give them college credit.

For any flow, you can write the equations of the flow in terms of vorticity rather than velocity by simply taking the curl of the flow equations that are framed in terms of velocity ( may have to apply the 2nd Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to do this rigorously ).

In The Calculus Affair ( 1956 ), Borduria is depicted as a stereotypical half-Eastern Bloc and half-fascist country complete with its own secret police ( ZEP ) ( led by Colonel Sponsz ) and a fascist military dictator called Kûrvi-Tasch who promotes a Taschist ideology.

Using only the Principle of Least Action and the Lagrangian we can deduce the correct trajectory, by trial and error or the Calculus of Variations.

* " An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Fractional Differential Equations ", by Kenneth S. Miller, Bertram Ross ( Editor ), John Wiley & Sons ; 1 edition ( May 19, 1993 ).

* " The Fractional Calculus ; Theory and Applications of Differentiation and Integration to Arbitrary Order ( Mathematics in Science and Engineering, V )", by Keith B. Oldham, Jerome Spanier, Academic Press ; ( November 1974 ).

* " Fractals and Fractional Calculus in Continuum Mechanics ", by A. Carpinteri ( Editor ), F. Mainardi ( Editor ), Springer-Verlag Telos ; ( January 1998 ).

Hamilton solved this problem using the Icosian Calculus, an algebraic structure based on roots of unity with many similarities to the quaternions ( also invented by Hamilton ).

Calculus tartar paste is commonly exhibited by humans.

Newton was well known as being highly sensitive to criticism, such as the numerous instances when he was criticized by Robert Hooke, and his admitted reluctance to publish any substantial information regarding Calculus before 1693.