This offended Constantinople, which had traditionally been seen as the defender of Rome, but the Eastern Roman Empress Irene of Athens was too weak to oppose Charlemagne.

While the see of Constantinople became dominant throughout the Emperor's lands, the West looked exclusively to the see of Rome, which in the East was seen as that of one of the five patriarchs of the Pentarchy, " the proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire.

The first crocus seen in the Netherlands, where Crocus species are not native, were from corms brought back in the 1560s from Constantinople by the Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador to the Sublime Porte, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq.

The Ecumenical Patriarch < span style =" font-size: 87 %">(,</ span > " His Most Divine All-Holiness the Archbishop of Constantinople New Rome and Œcumenical Patriarch ") is the Archbishop of Constantinople – New Rome and ranks as primus inter pares ( first among equals ) in the Eastern Orthodox communion, which is seen by its approximately 300 million followers worldwide as the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church.

This era begins with the First Council of Nicaea, which enunciated the Nicene Creed that in its original form and as modified by the First Council of Constantinople of 381 AD was seen as the touchstone of orthodoxy on the doctrine of the Trinity.

The welcome accorded to ousted claimants of the Hungarian throne in Constantinople was seen by the Byzantines as a useful insurance policy and source of political leverage.

According to the historian Socrates of Constantinople, it was introduced into Christian worship by Ignatius of Antioch ( died 107 ) who, in a vision, had seen angels singing in alternating choirs.

Some of the money was spent on restoring and decorating the church of the Chora monastery in the northwest of Constantinople, where Metochites ’ donor portrait can still be seen in a famous mosaic in the narthex, above the entrance to the nave.

Sir John Mandeville declared in 1357 that he had seen the blade of the Holy Lance both at Paris and at Constantinople, and that the latter was a much larger relic than the former ; it is worth adding that Mandeville is not generally regarded as one of the Middle Ages ' most reliable witnesses, and his supposed travels are usually treated as an eclectic amalgam of myths, legends and other fictions.

For about a century thereafter, the heirs of Baldwin II continued to use the title of Emperor of Constantinople, and were seen as the overlords of the various remaining Latin states in the Aegean.

The golden bowl was carried off by the Phocians during the Third Sacred War ( 356 – 346 BC ); the stand was removed by the emperor Constantine to Constantinople in 324, where in modern Istanbul it still can be seen in the hippodrome, the Atmeydanı, although in damaged condition: the heads of the serpents have disappeared, however one is now on display at the nearby Istanbul Archaeology Museums.

In 1190 Theodore Balsamon, Patriarch of Antioch, declared that " no Latin should be given Communion unless he first declares that he will abstain from the doctrines and customs that separate him from us "; and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by the participants in the Fourth Crusade was seen as the West's ultimate outrage.

The Serbs were fully Christianized by 873, seen in the tradition of theophoric names ( e. g. Petar Gojniković, Pavle Branović ) and the fact that he maintained the communion with the Eastern Church ( Constantinople ) when Pope John VIII invited him to recognize the jurisdiction of the bishopric of Sirmium.

When Theodosius was twenty years old, Pulcheria sought out to find her brother a wife, Theodosius had many demands as to what kind of wife he wanted to have, " I want you to find me a young girl, very, very comely, the most beautiful ever seen in Constantinople, of royal or patrician family.

: The official ideology of the Nicene Empire was one of reconquest and militarism which was not to be seen in later 14th century Palailogan rhetoric. The ideology which characterized 13th century Nicaea was that of the continued significance of Constantinople, and the hope to recapture it, an ideology drawing less on claims of political universalism or Hellenic nationalism, than on Old Testament ideas of Jewish providence.

The Church came to be a central and defining institution of the Empire, especially in the East or Byzantine Empire, where Constantinople came to be seen as the center of the Christian world, owing in great part to its economic and political power.

St. Elmo's fire is reported to have been seen during the Siege of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

Evidence of this identification can be seen in many cases, such as when Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier to Suleiman, erected Roman-style statues in Constantinople despite it being against Islamic custom, stating that it was natural since the Ottoman Empire was the successor of Rome.

Its stability and strength in the beginning of the 7th century can be seen from the fact that Heraclius briefly considered moving the imperial capital from Constantinople to Carthage.

Just as important, Constantinople was a fabled imperial city, and its capture and possession would bestow untold prestige on its conqueror, who would be seen by Muslims as a hero and by Muslims and Christians alike as a great and powerful emperor.

Meanwhile, however, the Turkish folk literature tradition of Anatolia, away from the capital Constantinople, came to be seen as an ideal.

While the Western Roman Empire declined and fell, the Eastern Roman Empire, centred on Constantinople, remained standing until 1453, and was the home of a wide range of theological activity that was seen as standing in strong continuity with the theology of the Patristic period ; indeed the division between Patristic and Byzantine theology would not be recognised by many Orthodox theologians and historians.

The Pantocrator can also be seen in the Golden Age of the Byzantium, specifically in Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

Constantinople was under Latin control by the next day.

The Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d ' Albanie et de Constantinople ( 1983 ) by Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza adds a second illegitimate daughter of Andronikos, converting to Islam under the name Bayalun.

It took on the name of Konstantinoupolis (" city of Constantine ", Constantinople ) after its re-foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who designated it as his new Roman capital, the New Rome.

In response to a call for aid from Alexius, the First Crusade assembled at Constantinople in 1096, but declining to put itself under Byzantine command set out for Jerusalem on its own account.

Finally, Constantinople was under Ottoman rule.

* Constantinople under Justinian is the scene of the book A Flame in Byzantium ( ISBN 0312930267 ) by Chelsea Quinn Yarbro, released in 1987.

He was educated at the court of his father at Constantinople under the tutelage of the poet Aemilius Magnus Arborius.

An Orthodox congress of Eastern Orthodox bishops met in Constantinople in 1923 under the presidency of Patriarch Meletios IV, where the bishops agreed to the Revised Julian calendar.

This congress did not have representatives from the remaining Orthodox members of the original Pentarchy ( the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria ) or from the largest Orthodox church, the Russian Orthodox Church, then under persecution from the Bolsheviks, but only effective representation from the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Patriarch of Serbia.

In the fifth century, several of the Oriental Churches, under Pope Dioscorus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, separated from Rome and Constantinople.

The areas administered from Rome are referred to by historians the Western Roman Empire and those under the immediate authority of Constantinople called the Eastern Roman Empire or ( after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636 AD ) the Later Roman or Byzantine Empire.

; under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

; under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

After forty years under the control of Arian bishops, the churches of Constantinople were now restored to those who subscribed to the Nicene Creed ; Arians were also ejected from the churches of other cities in the Eastern Roman Empire thus re-establishing Christian orthodoxy in the East.

The majority of Greeks continued to live under Ottoman rule, and Greeks dreamed of liberating them all and reconstituting a state embracing all the Greek lands, with Constantinople as its capital.

In that year the iconoclast Byzantine emperor Leo III, angered by archbishops of the region because they had supported Rome in the Iconoclastic Controversy, detached the church of the province from the Roman pope and placed it under the patriarch of Constantinople.

* 1261 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.

* 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily.

The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under Honorius, his brother ( aged 10 ).

Soon afterward, he went to Constantinople to pursue a study of Scripture under Gregory Nazianzen.

In 559 a particularly dangerous invasion of Sklavinoi and Kutrigurs under their khan Zabergan threatened Constantinople, but they were repulsed by the aged general Belisarius.

Theophilus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, wanted to bring Constantinople under his sway and opposed John's appointment to Constantinople.