The Darwinian tubercle, which is present in some people, lies in the descending part of the helix and corresponds to the true ear tip of the long-eared mammals.

Darwinian ear: An evolutionary human-ear vestige in a woman ; and the like morphologic feature in a macaque monkey.

The Darwinian ear eponym derives from Charles Darwin ( 1809 – 1882 ), the British biologist and evolutionary theoretician.

In agreement with Amotz Zahavi, Knight argues that language — being a realm of patent fictions — is a theoretical impossibility in a Darwinian world, where signals must be intrinsically reliable.

This theory was eventually rejected, and scientists now believe that the giraffe's neck arose through Darwinian natural selection — that ancestral giraffes with long necks thereby had a competitive advantage that better enabled them to reproduce and pass on their genes.

But Gould did not rule out sociobiological explanations for many aspects of animal behavior, writing: " Sociobiologists have broadened their range of selective stories by invoking concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection to solve ( successfully I think ) the vexatious problem of altruism — previously the greatest stumbling block to a Darwinian theory of social behavior ...

Sexual practices that significantly reduce the frequency of heterosexual intercourse also significantly decrease the chances of successful reproduction, and for this reason, they would appear to be maladaptive in an evolutionary context following a simple Darwinian model of natural selection — on the assumption that homosexuality would reduce this frequency.

* Archie — A Darwinian Development Process.

As Dennett says, " Skinner proclaimed that one simple iteration of the fundamental Darwinian process — operant conditioning — could account for all mentality, all learning, not just in pigeons but in human beings.

His generation's choice of Darwinian evolution as a social paradigm, interpreted by Frazer as three rising stages of human progress — magic giving rise to religion, then culminating in science — has not proved valid.

W. Tecumseh Fitch suggested that the Darwinian principle of ' kin selection ' — the convergence of genetic interests between relatives — might be part of the answer.

Ib Ulbaek invokes another standard Darwinian principle — ' reciprocal altruism ' — to explain the unusually high levels of intentional honesty necessary for language to evolve.

As pure social conventions, signals of this kind cannot evolve in a Darwinian social world — they are a theoretical impossibility.

He concluded that In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense — not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species.

* Darwinian tubercle ( auricular tubercle ) — a projection from the helical rim

Philosopher Daniel Dennett wrote that " wades resolutely into the comforting gloom surrounding these not quite forbidden topics and calmly, lucidly marshals the facts to ground his strikingly subversive Darwinian claims — subversive not of any of the things we properly hold dear but subversive of the phony protective layers of misinformation surrounding them.

Since nothing other than an intelligent cause has been demonstrated to be able to yield such a strong appearance of design, Darwinian claims notwithstanding, the conclusion that the design seen in life is real design is rationally justified.

The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Memetics is a theory of mental content based on an analogy with Darwinian evolution, originating from the popularization of Richard Dawkins ' 1976 book The Selfish Gene.

The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Henri Bergson, with his L ' évolution créatrice ( 1907 ), was one of the first to propose evolution is ' creative ' and cannot necessarily be explained solely by Darwinian natural selection.

The quasispecies model is a description of the process of the Darwinian evolution of certain self-replicating entities within the framework of physical chemistry.

Within the study of human societies, sociobiology is very closely allied to the fields of Darwinian anthropology, human behavioral ecology and evolutionary psychology.

Neo-Darwinism is the ' modern synthesis ' of Darwinian evolution through natural selection with Mendelian genetics, the latter being a set of primary tenets specifying that evolution involves the transmission of characteristics from parent to child through the mechanism of genetic transfer, rather than the ' blending process ' of pre-Mendelian evolutionary science.

This was hailed as a major victory by proponents of intelligent design and other creationists ; for instance an email newsletter by the Discovery Institute contained the sentence " Undoubtedly this will change the face of the debate over the theories of evolution and intelligent design in America ... It also seems that the Darwinian monopoly on public science education, and perhaps the biological sciences in general, is ending.

It means, instead, an extremely important quality for which there is no good word in the English language: " the quality of being copied by a Darwinian selection process.

In it he introduced the science of language and popularized Noam Chomsky's theory that language is an innate faculty of mind, with the twist that this faculty evolved by natural selection as a Darwinian adaptation for communication ( both ideas remain controversial ; see below ).

The term was utilized by Charles Darwin in contrast to natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability (“ Darwinian fitness ”).

He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection, as well as for applying models of Boolean networks to simplified genetic circuits.

Kauffman is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection.

In its preface, Dawkins states that he wrote the book " to persuade the reader, not just that the Darwinian world-view happens to be true, but that it is the only known theory that could, in principle, solve the mystery of our existence.

The film publication Cineaste published a review of The Italian in March 2009, focusing on the film's depiction of the Italian-American immmigrant experience as a Darwinian jungle rather than a promised land paved with gold :" Against Horatio Alger expectations, The Italian is a story of failure suffused with a soft-focused, dappled nostalgia for the old country ... ' From sunny Italy to the New York ghetto ,' read the taglines on Paramount's original one-sheet, contrasting scenes of ' carefree Beppo at home ' in the serene canals of Old Italy with the mean streets of New York where ' to live your baby must have Pasteurized milk.

' America is not a promised land paved with gold but a Darwinian jungle, where dreams meet dead ends.

Alister McGrath, a Christian theologian, has also commented critically on Dawkins ' analysis, suggesting that " memes have no place in serious scientific reflection ", that there is strong evidence that such ideas are not spread by random processes, but by deliberate intentional actions, that " evolution " of ideas is more Lamarckian than Darwinian, and that there is no evidence ( and certainly none in the article ) that epidemiological models usefully explain the spread of religious ideas.

... As far as I can see, God certainly could have used Darwinian processes to create the living world and direct it as he wanted to go ; hence evolution as such does not imply that there is no direction in the history of life.

Based on stochastic gene expression, cellular differentiation is the result of a Darwinian selective process occurring among cells.

The massive modularity theory thesis posits that there is a huge number of tremendously interlinked but specialized modules running programs called Darwinian algorithms, or DA.

As Leo Spitzer has written, the actual science of the idea, which is vaguely Darwinian, is rather tenuous, and shortly after Taine's work was published a number of objections were made on scientific grounds.

His famous experiment with Delbrück in 1943, known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment, demonstrated statistically that inheritance in bacteria must follow Darwinian rather than Lamarckian principles and that mutant bacteria occurring randomly can still bestow viral resistance without the virus being present.

The majority have also evolved biolights ; but rather than communicating information in the visible light spectrum, biolights on Darwin IV function in the infrared range, as all Darwinian animals are quite sensitive to that spectrum.

:" The Dover decision is an attempt by an activist federal judge to stop the spread of a scientific idea and even to prevent criticism of Darwinian evolution through government-imposed censorship rather than open debate, and it won't work.