*" Guidelines for the Integrated Management of the Watershed – Phytotechnology & Ecohydrology ", by Zalewski, M. ( 2002 ) ( Ed ).

Ecohydrology is the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle.

Ecohydrology ( from Greek, oikos, " house ( hold )";, hydōr, " water "; and ,-logia ) is an interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystems.

Ecohydrology also concerns itself with the hydrological factors behind the spatial distribution of plants.

*" Ecohydrology.

* Ecohydrology: A hydrologic perspective of climate-soil-vegetation dynamics, Ignacio Rodríguez-Iturbe, 2000, Water Resources Research, Vol.

* Ecohydrology of Water-controlled Ecosystems: Soil Moisture and Plant Dynamics, Ignacio Rodríguez-Iturbe, Amilcare Porporato, 2005.

* Dryland Ecohydrology, Paolo D ' Odorico, Amilcare Porporato, 2006.

Such cooperative behaviors have sometimes been seen as arguments for left-wing politics such by the Russian zoologist and anarchist Peter Kropotkin in his 1902 book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution and Peter Singer in his book A Darwinian Left.

Butler was the first to write about the possibility that machines might develop consciousness by Darwinian Selection.

The fin-de-siècle outlook was influenced by various intellectual developments, including Darwinian biology ; Wagnerian aesthetics ; Arthur de Gobineau's racialism ; Gustave Le Bon's psychology ; and the philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Henri Bergson.

Henri Bergson, with his L ' évolution créatrice ( 1907 ), was one of the first to propose evolution is ' creative ' and cannot necessarily be explained solely by Darwinian natural selection.

But Gould did not rule out sociobiological explanations for many aspects of animal behavior, writing: " Sociobiologists have broadened their range of selective stories by invoking concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection to solve ( successfully I think ) the vexatious problem of altruism — previously the greatest stumbling block to a Darwinian theory of social behavior ...

This was hailed as a major victory by proponents of intelligent design and other creationists ; for instance an email newsletter by the Discovery Institute contained the sentence " Undoubtedly this will change the face of the debate over the theories of evolution and intelligent design in America ... It also seems that the Darwinian monopoly on public science education, and perhaps the biological sciences in general, is ending.

It means, instead, an extremely important quality for which there is no good word in the English language: " the quality of being copied by a Darwinian selection process.

In it he introduced the science of language and popularized Noam Chomsky's theory that language is an innate faculty of mind, with the twist that this faculty evolved by natural selection as a Darwinian adaptation for communication ( both ideas remain controversial ; see below ).

In 2009, via a then-standard publication-process known as " communicated submission ", she was instrumental in getting the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ( PNAS ) to publish a paper by Donald I. Williamson rejecting " the Darwinian assumption that larvae and their adults evolved from a single common ancestor.

The term was utilized by Charles Darwin in contrast to natural selection, in which the differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive ability (“ Darwinian fitness ”).

Evolutionary psychologists, following Darwinian anthropologists ' interpretation of kin selection theory initially attempted to explain human altruistic behavior through kin selection by stating that " behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection.

Alister McGrath, a Christian theologian, has also commented critically on Dawkins ' analysis, suggesting that " memes have no place in serious scientific reflection ", that there is strong evidence that such ideas are not spread by random processes, but by deliberate intentional actions, that " evolution " of ideas is more Lamarckian than Darwinian, and that there is no evidence ( and certainly none in the article ) that epidemiological models usefully explain the spread of religious ideas.

This perspective is presented formally and in detail by the evolutionary biologist Bjørn Grinde in his book Darwinian Happiness.

Inspired by the both Darwinian principles of natural evolution and Dawkins ’ notion of a meme and viewed as a form of population-based algorithm coupled with individual learning procedures capable of performing local refinements.

Edelman argues that the mind and consciousness are wholly material and purely biological phenomena, arising from highly complex cellular processes within the brain, and that the development of consciousness and intelligence can be satisfactorily explained by Darwinian theory.

The book is one of a series of long essays by respected contemporary Darwinian thinkers, which were published under the collective title Darwinism Today ; the series was inspired by a course of ' Darwin Seminars ' which took place at the LSE in London in the late 1990s.

The book is one of a series of long essays by respected contemporary Darwinian thinkers, which were published under the collective title Darwinism Today ; the series was inspired by a course of ' Darwin Seminars ' which took place at the London School of Economics ( LSE ) in the late 1990s.

He was first influenced by associationist psychology as it was expounded by Alexander Bain and Herbert Spencer, the latter often considered the most important individual in the transition from associationist psychology to Darwinian functionalism.

The extinction of many species had occurred catastrophically, not by gradual Darwinian means.

Peter Bowler wrote that Edward Drinker Cope was a neo-Lamarckian as he believed it allowed living things to be in charge of their own destiny as opposed to the Darwinian view of living things being a puppet at the mercy of the environment.

On the contemporary moderate left, some authors such as Peter Singer ( in his book, A Darwinian Left ) support Darwinism but reach different political and economic lessons than more conservative observers.

Others on the left such as Australian bioethicist Peter Singer in A Darwinian Left have embraced modern evolutionary theory but reach different political and economic lessons than more conservative observers.

Quite unhappy with the lack of formal science education at Eton College, Maynard Smith took it upon himself to develop an interest in Darwinian evolutionary theory and mathematics, after having read the work of old Etonian J. B. S.

The group's third album, Natural Selection, named after Darwinian theory, was released in September 2003 and debuted at No. 15 on the U. S. Billboard charts.

Honeymoon in Space saw his newly married adventurers exploring planets in different stages of geological and Darwinian evolution on an educational odyssey which drew heavily on earlier cosmic voyages by Camille Flammarion, W. S. Lach-Szyrma, and Edgar Fawcett.

Evolutionary explanations for aesthetical preferences are important parts of evolutionary musicology, Darwinian literary studies, and the study of the evolution of emotion.

As the least specialized animal, human beings have maintained the closest connection to the archetypal form ; contrary to the Darwinian conception of human evolution, all other animals devolve from this archetype.

These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent.

In his 1995 book Darwinian Fairytales, Australian philosopher David Stove used the term " Darwinism " in a different sense than the above examples.

His work contributed to the conceptual revolution that led to the modern evolutionary synthesis of Mendelian genetics, systematics, and Darwinian evolution, and to the development of the biological species concept.

Except for that slight revision, the basic Darwinian theory hasn't changed in the last 50 years.

* 1980 How I became a Darwinian, Pages 413 – 423 in The Evolutionary Synthesis ( E Mayr and W Provine, Eds ) Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

In D. Kohn, ed., The Darwinian Heritage, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 755 – 772.

In agreement with Amotz Zahavi, Knight argues that language — being a realm of patent fictions — is a theoretical impossibility in a Darwinian world, where signals must be intrinsically reliable.

To sum things up, the use of money in trading all goods ( capital / labor and consumer ) in all markets ( spot and financial ) combined with profit driven entrepreneurship and Darwinian natural selection in financial markets all combine to make rational economic calculation and allocation the outcome of the capitalist process.

Rather than being a strict Darwinian, Haeckel believed that racial characteristics were acquired through interactions with the environment and that ontogeny directly followed phylogeny.

Despite the numerous oppositions, Haeckel has influenced many disciplines in science in his drive to integrate such disciplines of taxonomy and embryology into the Darwinian framework and to investigate phylogenetic reconstruction through his Biogenetic Law.

Hayek points out that much of science involves the explanation of complex multivariable and nonlinear phenomena, and the social science of economics and undesigned order compares favourably with such complex sciences as Darwinian biology.

William James in his lecture ' Great Men and Their Environment ' underlined the importance of the Great Man's congruence with the surroundings ( in the broad sense ), though his ultimate point was that environments and individuals shape each other reciprocally, just as environments and individual members of animal species do according to Darwinian theory.

This theory was eventually rejected, and scientists now believe that the giraffe's neck arose through Darwinian natural selection — that ancestral giraffes with long necks thereby had a competitive advantage that better enabled them to reproduce and pass on their genes.

Wells's earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context.

Though evidence suggests Heart of Darkness may be pessimistic, Joseph Conrad ’ s Darwinian world view can counter this understanding.

The argument from irreducible complexity attempts to demonstrate that certain biological features cannot be purely the product of Darwinian evolution.

Since nothing other than an intelligent cause has been demonstrated to be able to yield such a strong appearance of design, Darwinian claims notwithstanding, the conclusion that the design seen in life is real design is rationally justified.

Crawfurd, who opposed Darwinian evolution, " denied any unity to mankind, insisting on immutable, hereditary, and timeless differences in racial character, principal amongst which was the ' very great ' difference in ' intellectual capacity.