# REDIRECT Enthalpy of neutralization

Enthalpy change is defined by the following equation:

* Enthalpy of reaction, defined as the enthalpy change observed in a constituent of a thermodynamic system when one mole of substance reacts completely.

* Enthalpy of formation, defined as the enthalpy change observed in a constituent of a thermodynamic system when, one mole of a compound is formed from its elementary antecedents.

* Enthalpy of combustion, defined as the enthalpy change observed in a constituent of a thermodynamic system, when one mole of a substance combusts completely with oxygen.

* Enthalpy of hydrogenation, defined as the enthalpy change observed in a constituent of a thermodynamic system, when one mole of an unsaturated compound reacts completely with an excess of hydrogen to form a saturated compound.

* Enthalpy of atomization, defined as the enthalpy change required to atomize one mole of compound completely.

* Standard Enthalpy of solution, defined as the enthalpy change observed in a constituent of a thermodynamic system, when one mole of an solute is dissolved completely in an excess of solvent.

* Enthalpy of hydration, defined as the enthalpy change observed when one mole of gaseous ions are completely dissolved in water forming one mole of aqueous ions.

* Enthalpy of fusion, defined as the enthalpy change required to completely change the state of one mole of substance between solid and liquid states.

* Enthalpy of vaporization, defined as the enthalpy change required to completely change the state of one mole of substance between liquid and gaseous states.

* Enthalpy of sublimation, defined as the enthalpy change required to completely change the state of one mole of substance between solid and gaseous states.

Enthalpy of dissolution in hydrochloric acid at standard conditions is − 600 kJ / mol < sup >− 1 </ sup >, from which the standard enthalpy change of formation ( Δ < sub > f </ sub > H °) of aqueous Bk < sup > 3 +</ sup > ions is obtained as − 601 kJ / mol < sup >− 1 </ sup >.

* Enthalpy change –

Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a thermodynamic system.

Enthalpy is a thermodynamic potential.

Enthalpy is typically the more important thermodynamic function for determining a more stable molecular conformation.

Enthalpy and isobaric specific heat capacity are very useful mathematical constructs, since when analyzing a process in an open system, the situation of zero work occurs when the fluid flows at constant pressure.

Enthalpy is the capacity to do non-mechanical work plus the capacity to release heat.

Enthalpy of a reaction depends upon the conditions under which the reaction is carried out.

Enthalpy is given in ( SI ) joules per kilogram of air, or BTU per pound of dry air.

The experimental data is quantified and explained through analysis of binding constants K < sub > a </ sub >, Gibbs free energy ΔG < sub > o </ sub >, Enthalpy ΔH < sub > o </ sub >, and entropy ΔS < sub > o </ sub >.

Enthalpy changes are routinely measured and compiled in chemical and physical reference works, such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.

See Enthalpy of vaporization.

Enthalpy of solvation can help explain why solvation occurs with some ionic lattices but not with others.

One can also can see the dependency of Gibbs Free energy on the macroscopic terms of Enthalpy, ΔH and Entropy, ΔS.

* Standard enthalpy of neutralization is the change in enthalpy that occurs when an acid and base undergo a neutralization reaction to form one mole of water under standard conditions, as previously defined.

The enthalpy of neutralization ( ΔH < sub > n </ sub >) is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent of an acid and one equivalent of a base undergo a neutralization reaction to form water and a salt.

When a reaction is carried out under standard conditions at the temperature of 298 K ( 25 degrees Celsius ) and 1 atm of pressure and one mole of water is formed it is called the standard enthalpy of neutralization ( ΔH < sub > n </ sub >< sup >< s > o </ s ></ sup >).

The standard enthalpy change of neutralization for a strong acid and base is-57. 3 kJ / mol.

The standard enthalpy of neutralization for organic acids is slightly less exothermic than that of mineral acids, because of the partially ionising property of weak organic acids.

Often, neutralization reactions are exothermic ( the enthalpy of neutralization ).

Typical types of change include neutralization ( mixing an acid with a base, resulting in water and salt ), oxidisation including combustion, redox reactions etc.

Late 2002 – Berea, Kentucky – a joint effort observed a leap forward when the Pentagon released information stating “ neutralization and supercritical water oxidation -- not incineration -- is its preferred recommended technology for destruction of chemical weapons stored at the Blue Grass Army Depot .”

Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt to avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system.

However, neutralization required careful adjustment and proved unsatisfactory when used over a wide ranges of frequencies.

Historians still debate how effective the French Résistance was militarily, but for instance the neutralization of the Maquis du Vercors alone involved the commitment of over 10, 000 German troops within the theater, with several more thousands held in reserve, in a period when the Allied invasion was breaking out of Normandy and French Operation Jedburgh commandos were being dropped nearby to the south to prepare for the Allied landing in Provence.

In 1922, Louis Alan Hazeltine invented the technique of neutralization which uses an additional winding on the output or input tuned circuit to introduce an opposing signal which can cancel that capacitance, when properly adjusted.

Further, the high degree of neutralization of the HCl results in minimal impact on treated water pH when compared to other aluminium and iron salts.

On one instance in 1945, when theorizing about " intellectual déclassés ", he proposed their " neutralization and systematic supervision ".

Despite the neutralization of the bombs and the return of their object, the aliens leave behind one last explosive.

Phoenix Force is one of two neutralization teams working for Stony Man, a top-secret anti-terrorist organization.

Able Team is one of two neutralization teams working for Stony Man, a top-secret anti-terrorist organization based in Virginia.

In chemistry, acid value ( or " neutralization number " or " acid number " or " acidity ") is the mass of potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical substance.

In the battle between the Imperial Guard and Vulcan, he acted as a tactical advisor to Gladiator on Vulcan's weakness, and oversaw the temporary neutralization of his powers, establishing him as one of the survivors of the battle that proved otherwise disastrous for the Guard.

The American phenomenon is one of tense – lax neutralization, where the normal English distinction between tense and lax vowels is eliminated.