* Equivalence partitioning

# REDIRECT Equivalence partitioning

Equivalence partitioning ( also called Equivalence Class Partitioning or ECP ) is a software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of data from which test cases can be derived.

Equivalence partitioning is typically applied to the inputs of a tested component, but may be applied to the outputs in rare cases.

* Equivalence between Discounted Cash Flow ( DCF ) and Residual Income ( RI ) Working paper ; Duke University-Center for Health Policy, Law and Management

* Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, published by the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

* D. Haussler, M. Kearns, N. Littlestone and M. Warmuth, Equivalence of models for polynomial learnability, Proc.

Within the Council of Europe, several international treaties were elaborated in this field: starting with the right to education under Article 2 of the first Protocol of 1952 to the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Convention on the Equivalence of Diplomas leading to Admission to Universities was opened for signature in 1953, the European Convention on the Equivalence of Periods of University Study in 1956, the European Convention on the Academic Recognition of University Qualifications in 1959, the European Agreement on continued Payment of Scholarships to students studying abroad in 1969, and the European Convention on the General Equivalence of Periods of University Study in 1990.

* Equivalence of Software Programs, i. e. checking if two well-defined programs that take N inputs and produce M outputs are equivalent: Conceptually, you can turn software into a state machine ( that's what the combination of a compiler does, since a computer plus its memory form a very large state machine.

In contrast, descriptions based on empirical analyses of corpora, such as the Equivalence Constraint, are relatively independent of syntactic theory, but the code-switching patterns they describe vary considerably among speech communities, even among those sharing the same language pairs.

The Committee on Bible Translation wanted to build a new version on the heritage of the NIV and like its predecessor create a balanced mediating version, one that would fall in-between the most literal translation and the most free ; word-for-word ( Formal Equivalence ) and thought-for-thought ( Dynamic Equivalence ).

Based on his experimental results, Wolfram has developed the Principle of Computational Equivalence ( see below ), which asserts that almost all processes that are not obviously simple are of equivalent sophistication.

A Lesson on Ricardian Equivalence by Morgan Rose, at the Library of Economics and Liberty

** Equivalence ( trade ), a requirement imposed on WTO Member countries regarding acceptable sanitary protection measures.

* Equivalence Relations on Finite Dynamical Systems, Laubenbacher, R. Pareigis, B., ADVANCES IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS, 2001, VOL 26 ; PART 3, pages 237 – 251

; Equivalence / Fidelity: A program running under the VMM should exhibit a behavior essentially identical to that demonstrated when running on an equivalent machine directly.

* Sequential Equivalence Checking: Sometimes, two machines are completely different at the combinational level, but should give the same outputs if given the same inputs.

In an essay titled " Equivalence: The Perennial Trend ", White described a photographer who took such pictures as one who "... recognized an object or series of forms that, when photographed, would yield an image with specific suggestive powers that can direct the viewer into a specific and known feeling, state, or place within himself.

Robert Barro argued that due to Ricardian Equivalence in the presence of an operative bequest motive the public is not fooled into thinking they are richer when the government issues bonds to them, because government bond coupons must be paid from increased taxation.

* Equivalence checking: algorithmic comparison between a chip's RTL-description and synthesized gate-netlist, to ensure functional equivalence at the logical level.

Thus, the mass-energy equivalence, combined with the Weak Equivalence Principle, results in the prediction that all forms of energy contribute to the gravitational field generated by an object.

GW uses a dynamic equivalence translation methodology it calls " Closest Natural Equivalence ".

# REDIRECT Equivalence principle # The strong equivalence principle

# REDIRECT Equivalence principle # The weak equivalence principle

Equivalence classes among elements of a structure are often used to produce a smaller structure whose elements are the classes, distilling a relationship every element of the class shares with at least one other element of another class.

Equivalence classes of coverings correspond to conjugacy classes of subgroups of the fundamental group of X, as discussed below.

*' A Guide to GOD ’ S WORD Translation: Translating the Bible according to the Principles of Closest Natural Equivalence ' at

Kirkpatrick published an article called The Myth of Moral Equivalence in 1986, in which sharply criticized those who she alleged were claiming that there was " no moral difference " between the Soviet Union and democratic states.

However, thanks to its two-dimensional property, the environment can be rendered very quickly, using a binary space partitioning method in conjunction with Raycasting.

In computer science, binary space partitioning ( BSP ) is a method for recursively subdividing a space into convex sets by hyperplanes.

Countercurrent Chromatography is a method of separation, that is based on the differential partitioning of analytes between two immiscible liquids using countercurrent or cocurrent flow.

* Liquid-liquid extraction ( also called ' solvent extraction ' or ' partitioning ' is a common method for extracting a substance from one liquid into another liquid at a different ' phase ' ( such as " slurry ").

( See Feshbach – Fano partitioning method for the context where such operators appear in scattering theory ).

In computer storage, logical volume management or LVM provides a method of allocating space on mass-storage devices that is more flexible than conventional partitioning schemes.

* Shard ( database architecture ), a method of horizontal partitioning in a database, often used in a shared nothing architecture

It is a form of partitioning cryptanalysis that exploits unevenness in how the cipher operates over equivalence classes ( congruence classes ) modulo n. The method was first suggested in 1999 by John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier, and David Wagner and applied to RC5P ( a variant of RC5 ) and M6 ( a family of block ciphers used in the FireWire standard ).

The circle method is specifically how to compute these residues, by partitioning the circle into minor arcs ( the bulk of the circle ) and major arcs ( small arcs containing the most significant singularities ), and then bounding the behavior on the minor arcs.

* Virtual private server, a method of partitioning a physical server computer into multiple servers

Different physical storage might be used to realize vertical partitioning as well ; storing infrequently used or very wide columns on a different device, for example, is a method of vertical partitioning.

Liquid – liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent.

In collaboration with Shen Lin he devised well-known heuristics for two NP-complete optimization problems: graph partitioning and the travelling salesman problem.

All of the known temperate phages employ one of only three different systems for their lysogenic cycle: lambda-like integration / excision, Mu-like transposition or the plasmid-like partitioning of phage N15.

Because the Doom engine uses the binary space partitioning system for rendering, it does not enable moving walls.

The opportunity for freedom appeared only after World War I, when the partitioning imperial powers were defeated by war and revolution.

The Treaty of Riga of 1921 settled the eastern border, preserving for Poland, at the cost of partitioning the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( Lithuania and Belarus ) and Ukraine, a good portion of the old Commonwealth's eastern lands.

In 1936 the Peel Commission suggested partitioning Mandate Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state, though it was rejected as unworkable by the government and was at least partially to blame for the 1936 – 39 Arab revolt.

In 1966 Kuwait and Saudi Arabia agreed to divide the Neutral Zone ; the partitioning agreement making each country responsible for administration in its portion was signed in December 1969.

** New options for user-defined partitioning.

New features include performance improvements to the query optimizer, higher transactional throughput in InnoDB, new NoSQL-style memcached APIs, improvements to partitioning for querying and managing very large tables, improvements to replication and better performance monitoring by expanding the data available through the PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA.

For instance, Amr ibn al-As, after conquering Egypt, set up a census to measure the population for the jizya, and thus the total expected jizya revenue for the whole province, but organized the actual collection by partitioning the population into wealth classes, so that the rich paid more and the poor less jizya of that total sum.

The internal partitioning provided by allocation groups can be especially beneficial when the file system spans multiple physical devices, allowing for optimal usage of throughput of the underlying storage components.

; HP-UX 11i v3 Base OE ( BOE ): Delivers the full HP-UX 11i operating system plus file system and partitioning software and applications for Web serving, system management and security.

He has pioneered or popularised the use of many techniques in computer graphics, including " adaptive tile refresh " for Commander Keen, raycasting for Hovertank 3-D, Catacomb 3-D, and Wolfenstein 3-D, binary space partitioning which Doom became the first game to use, surface caching which he invented for Quake, Carmack's Reverse ( formally known as z-fail stencil shadows ) which he devised for Doom 3, and MegaTexture technology, first used in Enemy Territory: Quake Wars.

On 1816-04-12, Hamilton County was created by partitioning from Montgomery County, but due to low population it remained unorganized and administered from Montgomery County, N. Y. until it was recognized as sufficiently organized for self-government on 1838-01-01.

This made partitioning disks into smaller logical volumes very appealing for Mac users, because small documents stored on a smaller volume would take up much less space than if they resided on a large partition.

GParted is a popular utility used for disk partitioning

; parA and parB: for partitioning F plasmid DNA to daughter cells during division and ensures stable maintenance of the BAC.

The specific choice of partitioning plane and criterion for terminating the partitioning process varies depending on the purpose of the BSP tree.