Among the best-known people who have attended the University of Pisa are Italian Presidents Giovanni Gronchi and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi ; Haitian President René Préval ; Nicaraguan President Adan Cardenas ; Pope Clement XII ; Italian Prime Ministers Sidney Sonnino, Giuliano Amato and Massimo D ' Alema ; Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Ghedi ; Italian political leaders Carlo Sforza, Paolo Emilio Taviani, Alessandro Natta, Enrico Letta, Marcello Pera, Fabio Mussi and Sandro Bondi ; Italian Constitutional Court Judge Sabino Cassese ; Roman Catholic Cardinals Pietro Accolti, Benedetto Accolti the Younger, Francesco Barberini, Francesco Martelli and Bandino Panciatici ; Roman Catholic Archbishop Giovanni Battista Rinuccini ; Nobel Laureate in Literature Giosuè Carducci ; Nobel Laureates in Physics Enrico Fermi and Carlo Rubbia ; anatomist Atto Tigri ; art historian and curator Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev ; author Antonio Tabucchi ; civil engineer Henry Willey Reveley ; computer scientist Roberto Di Cosmo ; diplomats Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo and Marcello Spatafora ; director and screenwriter Mario Monicelli ; economist Luigi Bodio ; egyptologist Ippolito Rosellini ; electron microscopist Clara Franzini-Armstrong ; geneticist Guido Pontecorvo ; historians Camillo Porzio and Carlo Ginzburg ; intellectual Adriano Sofri ; international civil servant Francesco Cappè ; journalists Lando Ferretti and Tiziano Terzani ; jurists Piero Calamandrei, Francesco Carrara and Antonio Cassese ; linguists Stefano Arduini and Luigi Rizzi ; manager Pier Francesco Guarguaglini ; mathematicians Bonaventura Cavalieri, Giovanni Ceva, Enrico Betti, Guido Fubini, Vito Volterra and Luigi Fantappiè ; neuroscientist Emilio Bizzi ; philosophers Giovanni Gentile and Anna Camaiti Hostert ; physicians Francesco Redi, Vincenzo Chiarugi and François Carlo Antommarchi ; physicists Adolfo Bartoli, Luigi Puccianti, Antonio Pacinotti, Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti, Franco Rasetti and Luca Gammaitoni ; playwright and librettist Giacinto Andrea Cicognini ; racing car and engine designer Carlo Chiti ; surgeon Andrea Vaccá Berlinghieri ; tenor Andrea Bocelli ; writer Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi.

Plutonium is also fissile and can be used to create a fission reaction, and after Enrico Fermi achieved the world's first sustained and controlled nuclear chain reaction in the creation of the first " atomic pile "— a primitive nuclear reactor — in a basement at the University of Chicago, massive reactors were secretly created at what is now known as Hanford Site in Washington State – using water from the Columbia River in the cooling process – to transform uranium-238 into plutonium for a bomb.

Generally speaking, Villanovan settlements were centered in the Po River valley and Etruria round Bologna — later an important Etruscan center — and areas in Emilia Romagna ( at Verucchio ) in Tuscany and at Fermi, Lazio.

One model that estimates the properties of an electron gas at absolute zero in metals is the Fermi gas.

The maximum energy that an electrons can have at absolute zero is called the Fermi energy.

The Fermi temperature is defined as this maximum energy divided by Boltzmann's constant, and is of the order of 80, 000 K for typical electron densities found in metals.

Note that the above formula is only applicable to classical ideal gases and not Bose – Einstein or Fermi gases.

Furthermore, it describes how the density of states is changed on entering the superconducting state, where there are no electronic states any more at the Fermi energy.

: Here N ( 0 ) is the electronic density of states at the Fermi energy.

Baryons are strongly interacting fermions — that is, they experience the strong nuclear force and are described by Fermi − Dirac statistics, which apply to all particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle.

The green curve uses the general pressure law for an ideal Fermi gas, while the blue curve is for a non-relativistic ideal Fermi gas.

The Drake equation is closely related to the Fermi paradox in that Drake suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations ( the Fermi paradox ) suggests that technological civilizations tend to disappear rather quickly.

Fermi is widely regarded as one of the leading scientists of the 20th century, highly accomplished in both theory and experiment.

If this sounds like hyperbole, anything about Fermi is likely to sound like hyperbole ".

He also mused about a proposition which is now referred to as the " Fermi Paradox ".

is: Enrico Fermi

In particle physics, a fermion ( a name coined by Paul Dirac from the surname of Enrico Fermi ) is any particle characterized by Fermi – Dirac statistics and following the Pauli exclusion principle ; fermions include all quarks and leptons, as well as any composite particle made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei.

The Fermi paradox ( or Fermi's paradox ) is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial civilization and humanity's lack of contact with, or evidence for, such civilizations.

In an informal discussion in 1950, the physicist Enrico Fermi questioned why, if a multitude of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations exists in the Milky Way galaxy, evidence such as spacecraft or probes is not seen.

A more detailed examination of the implications of the topic began with a paper by Michael H. Hart in 1975, and it is sometimes referred to as the Fermi – Hart paradox.

The Fermi paradox is a conflict between an argument of scale and probability and a lack of evidence.

The second cornerstone of the Fermi paradox is a rejoinder to the argument by scale: given intelligent life's ability to overcome scarcity, and its tendency to colonize new habitats, it seems likely that at least some civilizations would be technologically advanced, seek out new resources in space and then colonize first their own star system and subsequently the surrounding star systems.

While numerous theories and principles are related to the Fermi paradox, the most closely related is the Drake equation.

Several awards, concepts, and institutions are named after Fermi, such as the Enrico Fermi Award, the Enrico Fermi Institute, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station, a class of particles called fermions, the synthetic element fermium, and many more.

During his years at the Scuola Normale Superiore, Fermi teamed up with a fellow student named Franco Rasetti with whom he would indulge in light-hearted pranks and who would later become Fermi's close friend and collaborator.

* Three nuclear reactor installations have been named after Fermi:

* Many schools are also named after him, such as the Enrico Fermi High School in Enfield, Connecticut.

* Since the 1950s, the United States Atomic Energy Commission has named its highest honor, the Fermi Award, after him.

* In 2008, the newly launched Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope was named after him.

* In 2011, Nvidia released a GPU Codenamed " Fermi " named after Enrico Fermi.

* List of things named after Enrico Fermi

It was discovered in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi, one of the pioneers of nuclear physics.

The element was named after Enrico Fermi.

** 100. fermium, Fm, named after Enrico Fermi, the physicist who produced the first controlled chain reaction ( 1952 ).

It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, who each discovered it independently, although Enrico Fermi defined the statistics earlier than Paul Dirac.

: See also List of things named after Enrico Fermi

Fermions, named after Enrico Fermi, are particles that obey Fermi – Dirac statistics.

Neutrinos were postulated in 1931 by Wolfgang Pauli ( and named by Enrico Fermi ) to be produced in beta decays of neutrons, but were not discovered until 1956.

This distance can also be called fermi and was so named in honour of Enrico Fermi and is often encountered in nuclear physics as a characteristic of this scale.

The laboratory was founded in 1967 as the National Accelerator Laboratory ; it was renamed in honor of Enrico Fermi in 1974.

Robert Hofstadter coined the term fermi ( unit ), symbol fm, in honor of the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi ( 1901 – 1954 ), one of the founders of nuclear physics, in Hofstadter's 1956 paper published in the Reviews of Modern Physics journal, " Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure ".

The football field at Susquehanna University is named Amos Alonzo Stagg Field in honor of both Stagg Sr. and Jr. Stagg was the namesake of the University of Chicago's old Stagg Field where, on December 2, 1942, a team of Manhattan Project scientists led by Enrico Fermi created the world's first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction under the west stands of the abandoned stadium.