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* Goguryeo general Yang Manchun resists the Emperor Taizong of Tang.
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Goguryeo and general
Although simultaneously fighting in Korea against Goguryeo, the Chinese Tang Dynasty nonetheless initiates Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo, where the famous general Li Shiji is deployed to fend off attacks in Tujue.
At the Battle of Talas in 751, Qarluq mercenaries under the Chinese defected, helping the Arab armies of the Islamic Caliphate to defeat the Tang force under commander Go Seonji ( d. 756, also known as Gao Xianzhi, a general of Goguryeo descent ).
It was founded in the northern part of former lands of Goguryeo by Dae Joyeong, a former Goguryeo general.
The general Wang sent, Yan You ( 嚴尤 ), used humble words to trick their leader, Zou ( 騶 ), who carried the title the Marquess of Gaojuli ( 高句驪, Korean Hangul: 고구려 ( Goguryeo ) ( but appeared to have no direct connection with the Kingdom of Goguryeo, existing at the same time ), into a meeting with him, and then killing Zou by surprise.
* Xue Rengui, famous early Tang Dynasty general who was is most known for his campaigns against the Korean kingdom Goguryeo, the Tujue Turkish Khaganate, and the Tibetan Tufan empire
The inscription of Dong Shou relates that he was a general from the Xianbei state of Former Yan in Liaodong ( present Liaoning ), Manchuria, who fled to Goguryeo in 336 and was given a position in the former territory of the Lelang commandery.
Chinese general Pang Xiaotai ( 龐孝泰 ) was defeated by Goguryeo forces at Sasu River ( 蛇水, probably Botong River ) and was killed along with his 13 sons, Su ran into harsh snowstorms and withdrew.
Dae Jo-yeong was the first son of general Dae Jung-sang ( Hangul: 대중상, Hanja: 大仲象 ) or Qiqi Zhongxiang ( Chinese: 乞乞仲象 pinyin: Qǐqǐ Zhòngxiàng ) of Goguryeo, and was born in Goguryeo.
When Emperor Yang carried out his second campaign against Goguryeo in 613, Li Yuan was in charge of part of the logistics operation, when the general Yang Xuangan rebelled near the eastern capital Luoyang.
The founder of Balhae, Dae Joyeong was possibly a former Goguryeo general of Sumo Mohe stock, although the Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms ( Samguk Yusa ) written by Koreans several hundred years later states that he was of Goguryeo stock.
Asin appointed his maternal uncle Jin Mu as chief general and ordered him to attack Goguryeo repeatedly in the early 390s, but each attack was defeated.
The Goguryeo general Ondal later died here while trying to reclaim the fortress.
In 751, a Chinese general of Goguryeo descent, Gao Xianzhi, led the Battle of Talas for Tang China against the Abbasid Caliphate but was defeated.
However, Goguryeo was also worn out, and by fall 614, after advances by Emperor Yang's general Lai Hu ' er ( 來護兒 ) across the Yalu River, Goguryeo offered peace, returning Yan Xuangan's associate Husi Zheng ( 斛斯政 ), who had fled to Goguryeo after his association with Yang Xuangan was discovered.
Goguryeo and Yang
Goguryeo later fought and defeated massive Chinese invasions in the Goguryeo-Sui War of 598 – 614, which contributed to Sui's fall, and continued to repel the Tang dynasty under several generals including Yeon Gaesomun and Yang Manchun ( see Goguryeo – Tang War ).
Emperor Yang of Sui thought of this Japanese behavior as ' insolent ', because it opposed his ethnocentrism of China world view, but finally, he had to accept it and send an embassy to Japan to answer a salute in the next year as he had to avoid conflict with Japan to prepare the conquest of Goguryeo.
Yang Manchun is the name given to the Goguryeo commander of Ansi fortress in the 640s.
In 645, the Tang Taizong led a major expedition against Goguryeo by land and sea, but Yeon Gaesomun and Yang Manchun repelled the invasion, as well as subsequent smaller attacks by the Tang.
Gao Yuan did not respond, and by 611, Emperor Yang, insulted by the lack of response, was preparing a campaign against Goguryeo.
In spring 611, Emperor Yang went to Zhuo Commandery and announced the campaign against Goguryeo.
By 612, the soldiers had been gathered at Zhuo Commandery, and Emperor Yang launched his attack, attacking a number of cities in Goguryeo territory, but targeting mainly at the important city of Liaodong ( 遼東, in modern Liaoyang, Liaoning ) and Goguryeo's capital Pyongyang.
In spring 613, Emperor Yang again ordered that soldiers be gathered at Zhuo Commandery, as he prepared a second campaign against Goguryeo.
With the people disaffected by the Goguryeo campaigns, Yang Xuangan received much popular support and threatened Luoyang.
In spring 614, Emperor Yang again proposed another campaign against Goguryeo.
Emperor Yang declared a fourth campaign against Goguryeo — but he never actually launched it.
Meanwhile, Emperor Yang also personally visited the soldiers defending the city, promising to end the campaigns against Goguryeo and to reward them with honors and treasure.
Upon the lifting of the siege, however, Emperor Yang reneged on his promises — he did not return to the capital Chang ' an, but went to Luoyang instead ; he continued to discuss a campaign against Goguryeo ; and he did not bestow the honors and rewards he promised.
Nevertheless, Emperor Yang was probably more interested in obtaining Japan's support in his campaigns against Goguryeo than in matters of decorum, and despite the insult, he sent his own envoy, Pei Shiqing ( 裴世清 ), back to Japan with Ono.
Goguryeo and Emperor
According to the Korean historical document Samguk Sagi ( 삼국사기, 三國史記 ), Goguryeo sent a diplomatic representative to the Han Dynasty in 32 AD, and the Emperor Guangwu of Han granted the official rank of Goguryeo.
Furthermore, through the Samguk Sagi, Kim Busik praised a castellan of Goguryeo who defeated The Emperor Taizong of Tang at the Siege of Ansi Fortress and judged the Goguryeo castellan a hero.
Emperor Taizong also invaded the Goguryeo Kingdom in an effort to help their Silla Kingdom ally crush its rival kingdom of Goguryeo to the north.
In fitting culmination to Seongdeok ‘ s reign, and symptomatic of improving relations with Tang, in 735 Tang Emperor Xuanzong formally granted the Silla king the territory south of the Pae River ( the modern Taedong River running through Pyongyang ), land that had been held at least formally by Tang ever since the 7th century and the Tang – Silla campaigns that had toppled Goguryeo.
By the end of Emperor Wen's reign, Tujue had split into an eastern and a western kaganate, the eastern one being nominally submissive to Sui, as was Goguryeo.
Several times, Liaodong almost fell, but pursuant to Emperor Yang's orders that if its defense forces were surrendering that attacks were to cease, each time the Goguryeo forces claimed to be surrendering.
The peace resumed in the following year when Jangsu sent 800 horses as gift to the Song Emperor, to prepare for the war against Northern Wei, so Goguryeo can concentrate its forces against Baekje and Silla while two Chinese powers were in war against each other.
Goguryeo and Taizong
Like the emperors of the Sui Dynasty before him, Taizong established a military campaign in 644 against the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo in the Goguryeo-Tang War ; however, this led to its withdrawal in the first campaign because they failed to overcome the successful defense led by General Yeon Gaesomun.
However, Taizong succeeded in inflicting heavy casualties on Goguryeo.
Moreover, they argue that Yeon's subsequent single-mindedness and success in defending Goguryeo testifies his genuine patriotism ( though Taizong's first invasion was provoked by Yeon's attacks on Silla, and subsequent attacks were possibly due to Taizong and his son's personal hatred against Yeon ).
In 645, Taizong launched one of a series of massive winter attacks on Goguryeo.
Goguryeo and Tang
Silla allied itself with the Tang Dynasty, subjugating Baekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite the Korean Peninsula under one ruler.
* 668: The end of the Goguryeo-Tang Wars, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
* The ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, in southern Manchuria and northern Korea, is overthrown by the alliance of Tang China and Silla.
* Tang China declares the deposed Bojang of Goguryeo " King of Joseon ," placing him in charge of the Liaodong area under the Protectorate General to Pacify the East.
The Tang Dynasty teamed up with Silla and formed a strategy to invade Goguryeo.
Although Goguryeo had repelled the Sui Dynasty a century earlier, attacks by the Tang Dynasty from the west proved too formidable.
In another joint invasion with Silla, the Tang army severely weakened the Goguryeo Kingdom in the north by taking out its outer forts in the year 645.
With joint attacks by Silla and Tang armies under commander Li Shiji ( 594 – 669 ), the Kingdom of Goguryeo was destroyed by 668.
Although they were formerly enemies, the Tang accepted officials and generals of Goguryeo into their administration and military, such as the brothers Yeon Namsaeng ( 634 – 679 ) and Yeon Namsan ( 639 – 701 ).
In 661, Silla and Tang moved on Goguryeo but were repelled.
After the unification wars, the Tang Dynasty established outposts in the former Goguryeo, and began to establish and administer communities in Baekje.
In 660, the southeastern kingdom of Silla conquered Baekje in the Southwest, and in 668, Silla conquered Goguryeo in the north with the help of China's Tang Dynasty ( see also Three Kingdoms of Korea ).
The Takamatsuzuka Tomb even has paintings of a woman dressed in distinctive clothes, similar to wall paintings from Goguryeo and Tang Dynasty China.
The Chinese Tang Dynasty aiding Korean kingdom of Silla ( see also Unified Silla ) and expelled the Baekje-Japan naval forces from the Korean peninsula ( see Battle of Baekgang ) and conquering Silla's other Korean rivals, Baekje and Goguryeo by 668.
In addition, mural paintings in the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora kofun dating from the fifth century show strong influence from Tang Dynasty and Goguryeo wall painting.
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