* The River, book about the origin of HIV / AIDS by Edward Hooper

* The origin of HIV explosion has been hypothesized by CDC researchers to derive in part from more intensive social interactions afforded by new road networks in Central Africa allowing more frequent travel from villagers to cities and higher density development of many African cities in the period 1950 to 1980.

HIV-2 was more similar to the then-known SIV strains than to HIV-1, suggesting for the first time the simian origin of HIV.

Any foreigner found to be infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS ( or, indeed, any other serious medical condition ), is deported to their country of origin.

The Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1980 gave the division its own Department of Fair Employment and Housing, with the stated purpose of protecting citizens against harassment and employment discrimination on the basis of: age, ancestry, color, creed, denial of family and medical care leave, disability ( including HIV / AIDS ), marital status, medical condition, national origin, race, religion, sex, transgender and orientation.

Several of the theories of HIV origin put forward ( described below ) attempt to explain the unresolved loose ends described in the previous section.

emphasize the massive number of injections administered in Africa after antibiotics were introduced ( around 1950 ) as being the most likely implicated in the origin of HIV because, by these times ( roughly in the period 1950 to 1970 ), injection intensity in Africa was maximal.

Duesberg's claim that recreational drug use, rather than HIV, was the cause of AIDS has been specifically examined and found to be false.

Cohort studies have found that only HIV-positive drug users develop opportunistic infections ; HIV-negative drug users do not develop such infections, indicating that HIV rather than drug use is the cause of AIDS.

In addition, while HIV and AIDS are more prevalent in urban than in rural settings in Africa, malnutrition and poor sanitation are found more commonly in rural than in urban settings.

Mullis has drawn controversy for his association with prominent AIDS denialist Peter Duesberg, claiming that AIDS is an arbitrary diagnosis only used when HIV antibodies are found in a patient's blood.

The World Health Organization cites the procedure as a measure against the transmission of HIV between women and men ; some African studies have found that circumcision can reduce the rate of transmission of HIV to men by up to 60 %.

Protease inhibitors found in HIV drugs are linked to insulin resistance.

" It's cost me my career, my fortune, basically my sex life when I found out I was HIV positive.

HIV-infected blood samples have been found from as early as 1959 in Africa ( see HIV main entry ), and HIV has been shown to have caused the death of a sexually active 16 year old St. Louis male prostitute in 1969, who could have contracted it as early as 7 years old due to sexual abuse, raising the question of spontaneous random genesis.

In a 2008 study, the Center for Disease Control found that, of the study participants who were men who had sex with men (" MSM "), almost one in five ( 19 %) had HIV and " among those who were infected, nearly half ( 44 percent ) were unaware of their HIV status.

" The research found that those who are white MSM " represent a greater number of new HIV infections than any other population, followed closely by black MSM — who are one of the most disproportionately affected subgroups in the U. S ." and that most new infections among white MSM occurred among those aged 30 – 39 followed closely by those aged 40 – 49, while most new infections among black MSM have occurred among young black MSM ( aged 13 – 29 ).

In December 2011, Milton Hershey School found itself in the midst of controversy after an HIV positive student was denied admission.

A 2010 review found insufficient evidence that NSP prevents transmission of the hepatitis C virus, tentative evidence that it prevents transmission of HIV and sufficient evidence that it reduces self-reported injecting risk behaviour.

For example, at 5 yrs you found 20 new cases, so you assume they developed HIV at 2. 5 years, thus contributing ( 20 * 2. 5 )

An HIV testing kit was also found among his personal effects.

Certain HLA allotypes have been found to determine the progression of HIV to AIDS ; an example is the HLA-B57 and HLA-B27 alleles, which have been found to defer progression of HIV to AIDS.

At the time of the crimes, there was much public and press speculation that Cunanan's motives were tied to a diagnosis of HIV infection ; however, an autopsy found him to be HIV-negative.

A conclusion from a review by UNAIDS in September 2000, regarding collaboration with traditional healers in HIV / AIDS prevention and care, found that modern and traditional belief systems are not incompatible, but complimentary.

This was in direct contrast with in vitro findings, where the compound was found to enhance HIV and SIV infections in various assays.

A 1991 British case found two doctors guilty of " serious professional misconduct " for using MVAH in the unsuccessful treatment of HIV.

Unlike most other nonhuman primates, they naturally develop high blood pressure and simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ), the ancestor of human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ), both of which are widespread throughout wild populations

Here, the authors found that while SIV was present in chimpanzees in the area, the strain of SIV infecting these chimpanzees was phylogenetically distinct from all strains of HIV, providing direct evidence that these particular chimps were not the source of HIV in humans.

Harvard researcher Edward C. Green argued that the risk compensation phenomenon could explain the failure of condom distribution programs to reverse HIV prevalence, providing a detailed explanations of his views in an op-ed article for The Washington Post and an extended interview with the BBC.

* BBC article speculates on possible HIV + Sesame character in the USA

HIV positive man Ricky Dyer, who investigated the apparent bug chasing phenomenon for a 2006 BBC programme, I love being HIV +, said that an air of complacency about the realities of living with the virus may be one reason why infection rates have been rising.

* BBC News story: HIV ' bug chasers ': Fantasy or fact ?, 10 April 2006

* Mozambique faces HIV cash dilemma, BBC News, 1 December 2004 ( note: graphic images )

While still enjoying the success of Junoon, he was involved in two documentaries with the BBC and is also a UN Goodwill Ambassador for HIV / AIDS.

* News clip featuring the Reverend during the early days of the HIV epidemic

An article Also in 2000, the Johannesburg Mail & Guardian reported that in a leaked text for a speech Mbeki was to give to an ANC caucus, Mbeki claimed that the CIA and Western drug companies were secretly promoting the view that HIV causes AIDS in order to increase sales of anti-HIV drugs.

The same article attributes the rising number of prostitutes believed to have contracted HIV in India ’ s brothels as a factor in India becoming the country with the second-largest number of people living with HIV / AIDS in the world, behind South Africa.

Also that same year, The Perth Group, a group of denialists based in Perth, Western Australia led by Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, published in the non-peer-reviewed journal Medical Hypotheses their first article questioning aspects of HIV / AIDS research, arguing that there was " no compelling reason for preferring the viral hypothesis of AIDS to one based on the activity of oxidising agents.

" In 1990, Robert Root-Bernstein published his first peer-reviewed article detailing his objections to the mainstream view of AIDS and HIV.

" The main contention of the article was that in unprotected vaginal sex between a man and a woman who both had " healthy genitals " the risk of HIV transmission was negligible, even if the male partner was infected.

A Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty article about the Moscow trial described the Stop the Church protest as " seminal ", contributing to early 1990s reforms granting Americans with HIV and AIDS federal protection from discrimination, a U. S. government office on AIDS policy, and millions of dollars for biomedical research.

The Treatment Action Campaign, a South African organization working for greater popular access to HIV treatments, posted a response by eight researchers documenting more than fifty errors in the article.

* In November 2010 the Journal Nature published an article detailing how scientists Goedele Maertens, Stephen Hare & Peter Cherepanov from Imperial College London used data collected at Diamond to advance the understanding of how HIV and other retroviruses infect human or animal cells.

CDC on nonoccupational HIV postexposure prophylaxis, an article which summarizes more than 100 related research projects

* David Morse article ( 2006 ) on general situation in Kakuma and successful HIV / AIDS prevention

The bugchasing / giftgiving phenomenon gained press coverage and notoriety after Rolling Stone magazine printed an article in 2003 by a freelance journalist, Gregory Freeman, entitled " Bug Chasers: The men who long to be HIV +".

The article quoted San Francisco health services director Dr. Bob Cabaj as saying that as many as twenty-five percent of new HIV infections a year ( about ten thousand people ) were from men who had contracted it on purpose.

" The article also quotes Will Nutland, head of health promotion at Terrence Higgins Trust, as saying, " The concepts of ' gift giving ' and ' bug chasers ' are definitely based more in fantasy than reality " as well as Deborah Jack, chief executive of the National AIDS Trust saying, " There is very little evidence of people trying to get infected with HIV.

* Times Online article: HIV sex parties ' spread disease ', September 29, 2005

* Bug Chasers: The men who long to be HIV + — the Rolling Stone article

In an article, the general former-coordinator of the Abia, Jane Galvão, remembers some of the actions of the sociologist in this front: the creation of the Abia, a multidiscipline and multi-sectoral reply to HIV / AIDS ; the pressure against the commerce of blood and its derivatives ; and the fight for the access the medicines.

In a 1994 article, for example, Betinho anticipated one of the main trends of the HIV / AIDS epidemic in Brazil: its pauperisation.

Faber ’ s Sunday Times article, ‘ Heart of Darkness ’, concerned the HIV / AIDS epidemic in Ukraine and was published on 9 January 2005.

* N. I. C. E article on HIV transmission and Condom fatigue

See also this article about HIV types, groups, and subtypes.

Male circumcision may reduce the probability of HIV acquisition by men ( see article Circumcision and HIV ).