Male & female circumcision: Among Jews, Christians and Muslims.

* Male circumcision and HIV: Some research has suggested that male circumcision can reduce the risk of HIV infection in some countries.

Male circumcision is the removal of the foreskin, usually for religious, cosmetic, or medical reasons.

Male circumcision practised as a religious rite is found in texts of the Hebrew Bible, as part of the Abrahamic covenant, such as in, and is therefore practised by Jews and Muslims and some Christians, who constitute the Abrahamic religions.

Male circumcision has often been, and remains, the subject of controversy on a number of grounds — including religious, ethical, sexual, and health.

Male circumcision in East Africa is a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood, but is only practiced in some nations ( tribes ).

Male circumcision involves the excision of genital tissue from the human body, so the ethics of circumcision are sometimes controversial.

Weiss, Quigley and Hayes carried out a meta-analysis on circumcision and HIV in 2000 and found as follows: " Male circumcision is associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection among men in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those at high risk of HIV.

Their conclusion was " Male circumcision appears to be highly acceptable in Botswana.

The authors said, “ Male circumcision provides a degree of protection against acquiring HIV infection, equivalent to what a vaccine of high efficacy would have achieved.

Male circumcision may provide an important way of reducing the spread of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa .”

* Male circumcision should now be recognized as an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention.

* Male circumcision " would have greatest impact " in countries where the HIV infection rate among heterosexual males is greater than 15 percent and fewer than 20 percent of males are circumcised.

Male circumcision should never replace other known effective prevention methods and should always be considered as part of a comprehensive prevention package, which includes correct and consistent use of male or female condoms, reduction in the number of sexual partners, delaying the onset of sexual relations, and HIV testing and counselling .”

The UNAIDS / WHO / SACEMA Expert Group on Modelling the Impact and Cost of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention found " large benefits " of circumcision in settings with high HIV prevalence and low circumcision prevalence.

Male circumcision had little to moderate effect in their simulations, but given the geographical correlation found, the authors propose that it could have had an indirect role, either by increasing genital ulcer disease itself ( it is known that syphilis, chancroid, and several other GUDs have higher incidences in uncircumcised men ), or by permitting further spread of the HIV strain, after the first chains of sexual transmission permitted adaptation to the human organism.

Male patients may develop a white, cloudy or watery discharge ( shown ) from the tip of the penis.

Male pattern baldness is a sign of age, which may be concealed with a toupee, hats, or religious and cultural adornments.

Male may refer to:

Irving Bieber and his colleagues in 1962 published Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals, which concluded that " although this change may be more easily accomplished by some than by others, in our judgment a heterosexual shift is a possibility for all homosexuals who are strongly motivated to change.

Male pistachios may be a different variety.

Male infertility caused by absence of the vas deferens may be overcome with testicular sperm extraction ( TEST ), collecting sperm cells directly from the testicles.

Male boars become most aggressive during the mating season and may charge at humans at such times.

Male and female flowers must be open simultaneously for pollination to occur, hence successful pollination is quite rare and some species may be endangered.

Male gynaecologists may have a female chaperone for their examination.

Male guinea pigs may also mark their territory in this way when they are taken out of their cages.

Male animals may also emit pheromones that convey information about their species and genotype.

Research by urologist Harry Fisch of the Male Reproductive Center at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital indicates that this defect may be exclusively inherited from the father and becomes increasingly probable with paternal age ; specifically males reproducing after 35.

Male parents of first clutches may father chicks in later male's clutchs, probably due to sperm storage within female reproductive tracts, which is common in birds.

Male orcas never leave their mothers ' pods, while female offspring may branch off to form their own matriline if they have many offspring of their own.

Male Ruffs may also be able to tolerate colder winter conditions because they are larger than females.

Male workers may be housed at the Grove within the boundaries of the camp to which they are assigned or in peripheral service areas.

Male hares, rabbits, ferrets, rats and kangaroos may also be referred to as bucks.

Male royals may choose to append " al-Haj " to their name instead of using " Haji ".

Male vocalists pitch their tonic note ( Sa ), often to about C ♯; female singers usually a fifth higher, though the tonic may be any note, as there is no absolute pitch in the Indian classical music systems.

Male recruits living west of the Mississippi River receive their training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, California, but may train at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island by special request.

Male tortoiseshell or calico cats occur only if they have chromosomal abnormalities such as the genotype XXY ( in which case they are sterile ), chromosomal mosaicism ( only portions of their cells have the genotype XXY, so these cats may be fertile ), or chimericism ( a single individual formed from two fused embryos, at least one of which was male ).

Male and female flowers are usually on separate trees although they may occur on the same tree.

Male scale insects may or may not have wings, depending on their species.

Male OCs are eligible to become members of the East India Club, whilst women may join the University Women ’ s Club.

* 2004 – Male Po ' ouli ( Black-faced honeycreeper ) dies of Avian malaria in the Maui Bird Conservation Center in Olinda, Hawaii before it could breed, making the species in all probability extinct.